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Melamine ni ikintu cyanduye mu biribwa gishobora kuba kiri mu byiciro bimwe na bimwe by'ibiribwa haba ku buryo butunguranye cyangwa bugambiriwe. Intego y'ubu bushakashatsi kwari ukugenzura uburyo melamine iboneka n'uburyo ipimwa mu ifu y'amata y'abana bato. Ingero 40 z'ibiribwa ziboneka ku isoko, harimo n'ifu y'amata y'abana bato n'ifu y'amata, zo mu turere dutandukanye twa Irani zasesenguwe. Ingano ya melamine hafi y'ibipimo byapimwe hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) y'amazi ikora neza cyane. Umurongo wo gupima (R2 = 0.9925) wakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane melamine iri hagati ya 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1. Imbibi zo gupima no gutahura zari 1 μg mL−1 na 3 μg mL−1, uko bikurikirana. Melamine yageragejwe mu ifu y'amata y'abana bato n'ifu y'amata kandi ibisubizo byagaragaje ko urugero rwa melamine mu ifu y'amata y'abana bato n'ifu y'amata rwari 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 na 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1, uko bikurikirana. Izi ndangagaciro zijyanye n'amategeko y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi na Codex Alimentarius. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko kunywa ibi bikomoka ku mata bifite melamine nkeya bitabangamira ubuzima bw'abaguzi. Ibi kandi bishyigikiwe n'ibyavuye mu isuzuma ry'ingaruka.
Melamine ni imvange y’umwimerere ifite formula ya molekile C3H6N6, ikomoka kuri cyanamide. Ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gushonga mu mazi kandi ni azote ingana na 66%. Melamine ni imvange ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha mu gukora plastiki, ifumbire mvaruganda, n’ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibiribwa (harimo no gupakira ibiribwa n’ibikoresho byo mu gikoni)1,2. Melamine kandi ikoreshwa nk’umuti utwara indwara. Igipimo kinini cya azote muri melamine gishobora gutuma imvange ikoreshwa nabi kandi igatanga imiterere ya poroteyine mu bikoresho by’ibiribwa3,4. Kubwibyo, kongera melamine mu biribwa, harimo n’ibikomoka ku mata, byongera azote. Bityo, byagaragaye ko poroteyine mu mata iri hejuru kuruta uko yari iri koko.
Kuri buri garama ya melamine yongewemo, ingano ya poroteyine mu biribwa iziyongeraho 0.4%. Ariko, melamine ishongesha cyane mu mazi kandi ishobora guteza ingaruka zikomeye. Kongera garama 1.3 za melamine mu bicuruzwa by'amazi nk'amata bishobora kongera ingano ya poroteyine mu mata ku kigero cya 30% 5,6. Nubwo melamine yongerwa mu biribwa by'amatungo ndetse no ku bantu kugira ngo yongere ingano ya poroteyine7, Komisiyo ya Codex Alimentarius (CAC) n'inzego z'igihugu ntibemeye melamine nk'inyongera ku biribwa kandi bayishyize ku rutonde rw'ibintu biteje akaga iyo inyowe, ihumekwa, cyangwa yinjijwe mu ruhu. Mu 2012, Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy'Umuryango w'Abibumbye gishinzwe Ubushakashatsi ku Kanseri (OMS) cyashyize melamine ku rutonde rwa 2B rwa kanseri kuko ishobora kwangiza ubuzima bw'abantu8. Kumara igihe kirekire kuri melamine bishobora kwangiza impyiko2. Melamine mu biribwa ishobora kwivanga na aside cyanuric kugira ngo ikore kristu z'umuhondo zidashonga mu mazi zishobora kwangiza impyiko n'uruhago, ndetse na kanseri y'inkari no kugabanya ibiro9,10. Bishobora gutera uburozi bukabije mu biribwa, kandi, mu gihe cy’ibipimo byinshi, bikaba byahitana abantu, cyane cyane impinja n’abana bato.11 Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryanashyizeho ikoreshwa rya melamine ku bantu ku munsi (TDI) ku kigero cya 0.2 mg/kg cy’uburemere bw’umubiri ku munsi hashingiwe ku mabwiriza ya CAC.12 Ikigo gishinzwe ibiribwa n’imiti muri Amerika (FDA) cyashyizeho igipimo ntarengwa cy’ibisigazwa bya melamine kuri 1 mg/kg mu ifu y’amata y’abana bato na 2.5 mg/kg mu bindi biribwa.2,7 Muri Nzeri 2008, byatangajwe ko inganda nyinshi z’amata y’abana zo mu ngo zongeye melamine mu ifu y’amata kugira ngo zongere poroteyine mu bicuruzwa byabo, bituma habaho uburozi bw’ifu y’amata kandi bitera ikibazo cy’uburozi bwa melamine mu gihugu hose bwarwaje abana barenga 294.000 kandi bugatera mu bitaro abarenga 50.000.13
Konsa ntibishoboka buri gihe bitewe n'ibintu bitandukanye nko ingorane zo mu mijyi, uburwayi bw'umubyeyi cyangwa umwana, bigatuma hakoreshwa amata y'uruhinja mu kugaburira abana. Kubera iyo mpamvu, hashyizweho inganda zikora amata y'uruhinja yegereye cyane amata y'uruhinja mu buryo bushoboka14. Amata y'uruhinja agurishwa ku isoko akenshi akorwa mu mata y'inka kandi akenshi akorwa mu buryo bwihariye bw'ibinure, poroteyine, karubohidrati, vitamine, imyunyu ngugu n'ibindi bintu. Kugira ngo yegere amata y'uruhinja, ingano ya poroteyine n'ibinure by'amata biratandukanye, kandi bitewe n'ubwoko bw'amata, aterwamo ibintu nka vitamine n'imyunyu ngugu nka feri15. Kubera ko abana bato ari itsinda ryihariye kandi hari ibyago byo kurwara uburozi, umutekano w'ifu y'amata ni ingenzi cyane ku buzima. Nyuma y'ikibazo cy'uburozi bwa melamine mu bana bato bo mu Bushinwa, ibihugu hirya no hino ku isi byitaye kuri iki kibazo, kandi ubukana bw'iki gice nabwo bwariyongereye. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa cyane cyane gushimangira uburyo amata y'uruhinja akorwa mu rwego rwo kurinda ubuzima bw'abana bato. Hari uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima melamine mu biribwa, harimo high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, uburyo bwo kumva, spectrophotometry na antigen-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay16. Mu 2007, Ikigo gishinzwe ibiribwa n'imiti muri Amerika (FDA) cyateguye kandi gisohora uburyo bwa HPLC bwo kumenya melamine na aside cyanuric mu biribwa, ari na bwo buryo bwiza cyane bwo kumenya ingano ya melamine17.
Igipimo cya melamine mu ifu y'abana bato yapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bushya bwa infrared spectroscopy bwari hagati ya miligarama 0.33 na 0.96 kuri kilo (mg kg-1). 18 Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Sri Lanka bwagaragaje ko urugero rwa melamine mu ifu y'amata yose ruri hagati ya 0.39 na 0.84 mg kg-1. Byongeye kandi, ingero z'ifu y'abana bato zazanywe mu mahanga zari zirimo urugero rwo hejuru rwa melamine, ruri kuri 0.96 na 0.94 mg/kg, uko bikurikirana. Izi ngero ziri munsi y'umupaka ntarengwa wemewe n'amategeko (1 mg/kg), ariko gahunda yo gukurikirana umutekano w'abaguzi irakenewe. 19
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwasuzumye urugero rwa melamine mu mafunguro y’abana bo muri Irani. Hafi 65% by’ibipimo byari birimo melamine, aho impuzandengo ya 0.73 mg/kg n’inyongera ya 3.63 mg/kg. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko urugero rwa melamine mu mafunguro y’abana rwari hagati ya 0.35 na 3.40 μg/kg, aho impuzandengo ya 1.38 μg/kg. Muri rusange, kuba melamine n’urwego rwayo mu mafunguro y’abana bo muri Irani byapimwe mu bushakashatsi butandukanye, aho bimwe mu bipimo birimo melamine birenga urugero ntarengwa rwashyizweho n’inzego zishinzwe kugenzura (2.5 mg/kg/ibiryo).
Ukurikije uburyo ifu y'amata ikoreshwa cyane mu buryo butaziguye n'ubutaziguye mu nganda z'ibiribwa ndetse n'akamaro kadasanzwe k'ifu y'uruhinja mu kugaburira abana, ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije kwemeza uburyo bwo kumenya melamine mu ifu y'amata n'ifu y'uruhinja. Mu by'ukuri, intego ya mbere y'ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugutegura uburyo bwihuse, bworoshye kandi bunoze bwo gupima ihinduka rya melamine mu ifu y'uruhinja n'ifu y'amata hakoreshejwe chromatography y'amazi ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru (HPLC) na ultraviolet (UV); Icya kabiri, intego y'ubu bushakashatsi kwari ukumenya ingano ya melamine mu ifu y'uruhinja n'ifu y'amata igurishwa ku isoko rya Irani.
Ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu gusesengura melamine biratandukanye bitewe n'aho ibiryo bikorerwa. Uburyo bwo gusesengura HPLC-UV bwizewe kandi bwizewe bwakoreshejwe mu gupima ibisigazwa bya melamine mu mata n'amata y'uruhinja. Ibikomoka ku mata birimo poroteyine n'ibinure bitandukanye bishobora kubangamira gupima melamine. Kubwibyo, nk'uko byavuzwe na Sun et al. 22, ingamba zikwiye kandi zinoze zo gusukura zirakenewe mbere yo gusesengura ibikoresho. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twakoresheje filtre za syringe zikoreshwa mu gupima. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twakoresheje inkingi ya C18 kugira ngo dutandukanye melamine mu mavuta y'uruhinja n'ifu y'amata. Ishusho ya 1 igaragaza chromatogram yo gupima melamine. Byongeye kandi, kugarura ingero zirimo 0.1–1.2 mg/kg melamine byari kuva kuri 95% kugeza 109%, ikigereranyo cyo gusubira inyuma cyari y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925), naho agaciro ka relative standard deviation (RSD) kari kuva kuri 0.8 kugeza kuri 2%. Amakuru aboneka agaragaza ko uburyo bwizewe mu cyiciro cy'ibipimo byizwe (Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Uruhare rw'ibikoresho byo gutahura (LOD) n'urugero rw'ingano (LOQ) ya melamine byari 1 μg mL−1 na 3 μg mL−1, uko bikurikirana. Byongeye kandi, spectrum ya UV ya melamine yagaragaje umugozi wo kwinjiza kuri 242 nm. Uburyo bwo gutahura ni bworoshye, bwizewe kandi ni bwo bukwiye. Ubu buryo bushobora gukoreshwa mu kumenya buri gihe urugero rwa melamine.
Ibisubizo nk'ibyo byatangajwe n'abanditsi benshi. Uburyo bwa HPLC (liquid chromatography-photodiode array) bwakozwe kugira ngo hasesengurwe melamine mu bikomoka ku mata. Ingano nto zo gupima zari 340 μg kg−1 ku ifu y'amata na 280 μg kg−1 ku ifu y'uruhinja kuri 240 nm. Filazzi et al. (2012) bavuze ko melamine itabonetse mu ifu y'uruhinja na HPLC. Ariko, 8% by'ingero z'ifu y'amata zari zirimo melamine ku rugero rwa 0.505–0.86 mg/kg. Tittlemiet et al.23 bakoze ubushakashatsi nk'ubwo maze bagaragaza ingano ya melamine mu ifu y'uruhinja (umubare w'icyitegererezo: 72) hakoreshejwe spectrometry y'uruhinja rw ... (2010), uburyo bwa "green chemistry" (budafite acetonitrile) na "reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography" (RP-HPLC) byakoreshejwe mu gupima melamine mu mata y'inka n'amata. Ingano y'icyitegererezo yari hagati ya 1.0 na 80 g/mL kandi igisubizo cyari cy'umurongo (r > 0.999). Ubu buryo bwagaragaje ko 97.2–101.2 yakize ku rugero rwa 5–40 g/mL kandi ko kongera kubyara byari munsi ya 1.0% ugereranije n'itandukaniro risanzwe. Byongeye kandi, LOD na LOQ byagaragaye byari 0.1 g mL−1 na 0.2 g mL−124, uko bikurikirana. Lutter et al. (2011) basanze ubwandu bwa melamine mu mata y'inka n'amata y'inka hakoreshejwe HPLC-UV. Ingano ya melamine yari hagati ya < 0.2 na 2.52 mg kg−1. Uburyo bwa HPLC-UV bwari hagati ya 0.05 na 2.5 mg kg−1 ku mata y'inka, 0.13 na 6.25 mg kg−1 ku mata y'uruhinja afite igice cya poroteyine kiri <15%, na 0.25 na 12.5 mg kg−1 ku mata y'uruhinja afite igice cya poroteyine kiri 15%. Ibisubizo bya LOD (na LOQ) byari 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1) ku mata y'inka, 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1) ku mata y'uruhinja afite <15% poroteyine, na 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg−1) ku mata y'uruhinja afite poroteyine 15%, hamwe n'ikigereranyo cy'urusaku hagati y'ibimenyetso n'urusaku cya 3 na 1025 kuri LOD na LOQ, uko bikurikirana. Diebes et al. (2012) bakoze ubushakashatsi ku rugero rwa melamine mu mavuta y'uruhinja n'ifu y'amata bakoresheje HPLC/DMD. Mu mafunguro y'abana bato, urugero rwo hasi n'urwo hejuru rwari 9.49 mg kg−1 na 258 mg kg−1, uko bikurikirana. Umupaka wo kumenyekana (LOD) wari 0.05 mg kg−1.
Javaid n'abandi bavuze ko ibisigazwa bya melamine mu mavuta y'abana byari hagati ya 0.002–2 mg kg−1 na Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). Rezai n'abandi27 batanze uburyo bwa HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) bwo gupima melamine maze bagera kuri LOQ ya 0.08 μg mL−1 ku ifu y'amata, yari iri hasi ugereranyije n'urugero rwabonetse muri ubu bushakashatsi. Sun n'abandi bashyizeho RP-HPLC-DAD yo gupima melamine mu mata y'amazi hakoreshejwe gusohora ibice bikomeye (SPE). Babonye LOD na LOQ ya 18 na 60 μg kg−128, uko bikurikirana, ikaba ari yo yumvikana kurusha ubushakashatsi buriho ubu. Montesano n'abandi. yemeje ko uburyo bwa HPLC-DMD bukora neza mu gusuzuma ingano ya melamine mu nyongeramusaruro za poroteyine hamwe n’ingano ntarengwa ya 0.05–3 mg/kg, ibyo bikaba byari bitarakomera cyane ugereranyije n’uburyo bwakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi29.
Nta gushidikanya ko laboratwari zisesengura zigira uruhare runini mu kurinda ibidukikije zigenzura imyanda mu ngero zitandukanye. Ariko, gukoresha umubare munini w’ibintu bisukura mu gihe cyo gusesengura bishobora gutuma habaho ibisigazwa by’ibintu biteje akaga. Kubwibyo, shimi y’icyatsi kibisi (GAC) yashyizweho mu 2000 kugira ngo igabanye cyangwa ikureho ingaruka mbi z’uburyo bwo gusesengura ku bakoresha n’ibidukikije26. Uburyo gakondo bwo gupima melamine burimo chromatography, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, na enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) bwakoreshejwe mu kumenya melamine. Ariko, mu buryo bwinshi bwo gupima, sensors za electrochemical zakunzwe cyane bitewe n’uburyo zigaragaza neza, guhitamo neza, igihe cyo gusesengura vuba, n’imiterere yazo yoroshye kuyikoresha30,31. Nanotechnology y’icyatsi kibisi ikoresha inzira za biyoloji mu gukora nanomaterials, bishobora kugabanya ikorwa ry’imyanda ihumanya n’ikoreshwa ry’ingufu, bityo bigateza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imikorere irambye. Nanocomposites, urugero, zikozwe mu bikoresho birengera ibidukikije, zishobora gukoreshwa muri biosensors kugira ngo zimenye ibintu nka melamine32,33,34.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko SPME ikoreshwa neza bitewe n’uko ikoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi irambye ugereranije n’uburyo gakondo bwo gucukura. Kuba SPME ikoresha neza ibidukikije kandi ikoresha ingufu neza bituma iba ubundi buryo bwiza bwo gucukura mu buhanga bwa chimie kandi igatanga uburyo burambye kandi bunoze bwo gutegura icyitegererezo35.
Mu 2013, Wu n'abandi bakoze biosensor yoroshye cyane kandi itoranya plasmon surface resonance (mini-SPR) ikoresha uburyo bwo guhuza melamine na anti-melamine antibodies kugira ngo bamenye vuba melamine mu ifuru y'abana bakoresheje uburyo bwo gusuzuma. Biosensor ya SPR ihujwe n'uburyo bwo gusuzuma immunoassay (ikoresha alubumu y'inka ya melamine) ni ikoranabuhanga ryoroshye gukoresha kandi rihendutse rifite umupaka wo kumenya 0.02 μg mL-136 gusa.
Nasiri na Abbasian bakoresheje sensor ishobora gutwara abantu benshi hamwe na graphene oxide-chitosan composites (GOCS) kugira ngo bamenye melamine mu bipimo by’ubucuruzi37. Ubu buryo bwagaragaje uburyo bwo guhitamo neza, gukora neza no gusubiza ibintu mu buryo buri hejuru cyane. Sensor ya GOCS yagaragaje ubushobozi butangaje bwo kumenya ibintu (239.1 μM−1), ingano ya 0.01 kugeza 200 μM, ingano ya affinity ya 1.73 × 104, na LOD ya 10 nM. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Chandrasekhar et al. mu 2024 bwakoresheje uburyo bworohereza ibidukikije kandi buhendutse. Bakoresheje igishishwa cya papaya nk'ikintu gigabanya ibidukikije mu gukora nanoparticles za zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) mu buryo bworohereza ibidukikije. Nyuma yaho, hakozwe tekiniki yihariye ya micro-Raman spectroscopy kugira ngo hamenyekane melamine mu ifuru y'uruhinja. ZnO-NPs zikomoka ku myanda y’ubuhinzi zagaragaje ko zishobora kuba igikoresho cy’ingenzi cyo gusuzuma no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryizewe kandi rihendutse ryo kugenzura no gutahura melamine38.
Alizadeh et al. (2024) bakoresheje urubuga rwa fluorescence rw’icyuma-organic (MOF) kugira ngo bamenye melamine mu ifu y’amata. Ingano y’umurongo n’umupaka wo hasi wo kumenya sensor, byagenwe hakoreshejwe 3σ/S, byari 40 kugeza 396.45 nM (bingana na 25 μg kg−1 kugeza 0.25 mg kg−1) na 40 nM (bingana na 25 μg kg−1), uko bikurikirana. Uru rugero ruri munsi cyane y’urugero ntarengwa rw’ibisigazwa (MRLs) byashyizweho kugira ngo hamenyekane melamine mu ifu y’uruhinja (1 mg kg−1) n’ibindi bipimo by’ibiribwa/ibiryo (2.5 mg kg−1). Sensor y’urumuri (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) yagaragaje ubuhanga bwo gupima neza kurusha HPLC39 mu kumenya melamine mu ifu y’amata. Sensor za biosensors na nanocomposites muri shimi y’icyatsi ntizongera ubushobozi bwo kumenya gusa ahubwo zinagabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije hakurikijwe amahame y’iterambere rirambye.
Amahame ya shimi y’icyatsi yakoreshejwe mu buryo butandukanye bwo kumenya melamine. Uburyo bumwe ni uguteza imbere uburyo bwo gukuramo shimi y’icyatsi kibisi hakoreshejwe polymer karemano ya β-cyclodextrin ifitanye isano na aside citric kugira ngo hakorwe neza melamine 40 mu bipimo nk’ifuru y’uruhinja n’amazi ashyushye. Ubundi buryo bukoresha uburyo bwa Mannich bwo kumenya melamine mu mata. Ubu buryo burahendutse, ntibungiza ibidukikije, kandi bufite ukuri cyane bufite umurongo wa 0.1–2.5 ppm n’umupaka muto wo kumenya 41. Byongeye kandi, uburyo buhendutse kandi butangiza ibidukikije bwo kumenya ingano ya melamine mu mata y’amazi n’ifuru y’uruhinja bwakozwe hakoreshejwe spectroscopy ya Fourier transform infrared transmission ifite ubushishozi bwinshi n’imipaka yo kumenya ya 1 ppm na 3.5 ppm, uko bikurikirana 42. Ubu buryo bugaragaza ikoreshwa ry’amahame ya shimi y’icyatsi kibisi mu guteza imbere uburyo bwiza kandi burambye bwo kumenya melamine.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje uburyo bushya bwo gupima melamine, nko gukoresha uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu mu buryo bufatika no gukoresha chromatography y’amazi ikora neza (HPLC)43, ndetse no gukoresha chromatography y’amazi ikora neza cyane (HPLC) byihuse, bidasaba imiti igoye mbere yo kuyitunganya cyangwa ion-pair reagents, bityo bikagabanya ingano y’imyanda ya shimi44. Ubu buryo ntibutanga gusa ibisubizo nyabyo byo kumenya melamine mu bikomoka ku mata, ahubwo bunakurikiza amahame ya shimi y’icyatsi kibisi, bugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti ihumanya kandi bukagabanya ingaruka zose ku bidukikije bitewe n’uburyo bwo gusesengura.
Ingero 40 z'ubwoko butandukanye zapimwe inshuro eshatu, kandi ibisubizo bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Igipimo cya Melamine mu ifu y'amata y'abana n'ifu y'amata cyari hagati ya 0.001 na 0.004 mg/kg no hagati ya 0.001 na 0.095 mg/kg, uko bikurikirana. Nta mpinduka zikomeye zagaragaye hagati y'ibyiciro bitatu by'amata y'abana. Byongeye kandi, melamine yabonetse muri 80% by'ifu y'amata, ariko 65% by'amata y'abana yari yanduye melamine.
Ingano ya melamine mu ifu y'amata yo mu nganda yari hejuru ugereranyije n'iy'amata y'abana bato, kandi itandukaniro ryari rigaragara (p<0.05) (Ishusho ya 2).
Ibisubizo byabonetse byari munsi y’ibipimo byashyizweho na FDA (munsi ya 1 na 2.5 mg/kg). Byongeye kandi, ibisubizo bihuye n’ibipimo byashyizweho na CAC (2010) na EU45,46, ni ukuvuga ko ntarengwa ntarengwa yemewe ari 1 mg-1 ku mavuta y’incuke y’abana na 2.5 mg-1 ku bikomoka ku mata.
Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Ghanati et al.47 bwo mu 2023, ingano ya melamine mu mata atandukanye yapakiwe muri Irani yari hagati ya 50.7 na 790 μg kg−1. Ibisubizo byabo byari munsi y’umupaka wemewe na FDA. Ibisubizo byacu biri hasi ugereranije n’ibya Shoder et al.48 na Rima et al.49. Shoder et al. (2010) basanze urugero rwa melamine mu ifu y’amata (n=49) rwagenwe na ELISA rwari hagati ya 0.5 na 5.5 mg/kg. Rima et al. basesenguye ibisigazwa bya melamine mu ifu y’amata bakoresheje spectrophotometry ya fluorescence maze basanga ingano ya melamine mu ifu y’amata yari hagati ya 0.72–5.76 mg/kg. Inyigo yakozwe muri Kanada mu 2011 kugira ngo ikurikirane urugero rwa melamine mu mata y’uruhinja (n=94) hakoreshejwe chromatography y’amazi (LC/MS). Byagaragaye ko ingano ya melamine iri munsi y’umupaka wemewe (igipimo cya mbere: 0.5 mg kg−1). Ntabwo bishoboka ko urugero rwa melamine rw’uburiganya rwabonetse rwari amayeri yakoreshejwe mu kongera poroteyine. Ariko, ntibishobora gusobanurwa hakoreshejwe ifumbire, kwimura ibiri mu bubiko, cyangwa ibindi bintu bisa nabyo. Byongeye kandi, inkomoko ya melamine mu ifu y’amata yinjijwe muri Kanada ntiyatangajwe50.
Hassani n'abandi bapimye ingano ya melamine mu ifu y'amata n'amata y'amazi ku isoko rya Irani mu 2013, basangamo ibisubizo bisa. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko uretse ubwoko bumwe bw'ifu y'amata n'amata y'amazi, izindi ngero zose zari zanduye melamine, aho urugero rwayo ruri hagati ya 1.50 na 30.32 μg g−1 mu ifu y'amata na 0.11 na 1.48 μg ml−1 mu mata. Ikigaragara ni uko aside cyanuriki itabonetse mu ngero zose, bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura melamine ku bayikoresha. 51 Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwasuzumye ingano ya melamine mu bicuruzwa bya shokora birimo ifu y'amata. Hafi 94% by'ibipimo byatumijwe mu mahanga na 77% by'ibipimo bya Irani byari birimo melamine. Urugero rwa melamine mu bipimo byatumijwe mu mahanga rwari hagati ya 0.032 na 2.692 mg/kg, mu gihe urw'ibipimo bya Irani rwari hagati ya 0.013 na 2.600 mg/kg. Muri rusange, melamine yabonetse muri 85% by'ibipimo, ariko ikirango kimwe gusa ni cyo cyari gifite urugero ruri hejuru y'umubare wemewe.44 Tittlemier n'abandi bavuze ko urugero rwa melamine mu ifu y'amata ruri hagati ya 0.00528 na 0.0122 mg/kg.
Imbonerahamwe ya 3 igaragaza muri make ibyavuye mu isuzuma ry’ingaruka ku matsinda atatu y’imyaka. Ingaruka zari munsi ya 1 mu matsinda yose y’imyaka. Bityo, nta ngaruka ziterwa na melamine mu mafunguro y’abana bato atari kanseri.
Ingano nke y’umwanda mu bikomoka ku mata ishobora guterwa n’umwanda utabigambiriye mu gihe cyo gutegura, mu gihe ingano nyinshi ishobora guterwa no kongeramo nkana. Byongeye kandi, ingaruka rusange ku buzima bw’abantu zituruka ku kurya ibikomoka ku mata bifite urugero ruto rwa melamine zifatwa nk’iziri hasi. Byafatwa nk’aho kurya ibikomoka ku mata birimo urugero ruto rwa melamine nta ngaruka na nke bitera ku buzima bw’abaguzi52.
Dukurikije akamaro ko gucunga umutekano w'ibiribwa mu nganda z'amata, cyane cyane mu bijyanye no kurengera ubuzima rusange, ni ingenzi cyane gutegura no kwemeza uburyo bwo gusuzuma no kugereranya urugero rwa melamine n'ibisigazwa mu ifu y'amata n'ifu y'uruhinja. Uburyo bworoshye kandi buboneye bwa HPLC-UV spectrophotometric bwakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane melamine mu ifu y'uruhinja n'ifu y'amata. Ubwo buryo bwemejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ari ubwizerwa kandi butunganye. Imipaka yo kumenya no gupima ubu buryo yagaragaye ko ifite ubushobozi bwo gupima urugero rwa melamine mu ifu y'uruhinja n'ifu y'amata. Dukurikije amakuru yacu, melamine yabonetse mu bipimo byinshi byo muri Irani. Urugero rwa melamine rwose rwabonetse rwari munsi y'umupaka ntarengwa wemewe washyizweho na CAC, bigaragaza ko kurya ubwo bwoko bw'ibikomoka ku mata nta kibazo biteza ubuzima bw'abantu.
Ibikoresho byose bya shimi byakoreshejwe byari bifite urwego rwo gusesengura: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% byuzuye (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); acetonitrile yo mu rwego rwa HPLC (Merck, Darmstadt, Ubudage); amazi meza cyane (Millipore, Morfheim, U Bufaransa). Imashini zikoresha syringe (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, ingano y'imyenge 0.45 μm, umurambararo w'urukiramende 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Ubudage).
Mu gutegura ingero, hifashishijwe icyuma gipima ubushyuhe (Elma, mu Budage), icyuma gipima ubushyuhe (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, mu Budage) na HPLC (KNAUER, mu Budage) byakoreshejwe.
Hakoreshejwe chromatograph y'amazi ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru (KNAUER, mu Budage) ifite icyuma gipima UV. Imiterere y'isesengura rya HPLC yari iyi ikurikira: sisitemu ya UHPLC Ultimate ifite inkingi ya ODS-3 C18 analysical column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, ingano y'uduce 5 μm) (MZ, mu Budage). HPLC eluent (urwego rugendanwa) yari uruvange rwa TFA/methanol (450:50 mL) rufite umuvuduko wa 1 mL-1. Uburebure bw'uburebure bwo gutahura bwari 242 nm. Ingano y'uruvange yari 100 μL, ubushyuhe bw'inkingi bwari 20 °C. Kubera ko igihe cyo kubika umuti ari kirekire (iminota 15), uruvange rukurikira rugomba gukorwa nyuma y'iminota 25. Melamine yamenyekanye hagereranyijwe igihe cyo kubika n'umuvuduko wa UV wa spectrum ya melamine.
Umuti usanzwe wa melamine (10 μg/mL) wateguwe hakoreshejwe amazi maze ubikwa muri firigo (4 °C) kure y'urumuri. Shyira umuti usanzwe mu gikoresho ukoresheje urwego rugendanwa hanyuma utegure umuti usanzwe ukora. Buri muti usanzwe washyizwe muri HPLC inshuro 7. Ikigereranyo cya 10 cyabazwe hakoreshejwe isesengura rya regression ry'agace k'ubuso bw'umurambararo kagenwe n'ingano yagenwe.
Ifu y'amata y'inka iboneka mu bucuruzi (ibipimo 20) n'ibipimo by'ubwoko butandukanye bw'amata y'inka akomoka ku mata y'impinja (ibipimo 20) byaguzwe mu maduka manini na farumasi yo muri Irani kugira ngo bigaburire abana b'ingeri zitandukanye (amezi 0-6, amezi 6-12, n'amezi arenga 12) kandi bibikwa ku bushyuhe buri muri firigo (4 °C) kugeza igihe bikorewe isesengura. Hanyuma, garama 1 ± 0.01 y'ifu y'amata yahinduwe yapimwe ivangwa n'amazi ya acetonitrile (50:50, v/v; 5 mL). Uruvange rwaravanzwe umunota 1, hanyuma rushyirwa mu bwogero bwa ultrasonic mu gihe cy'iminota 30, hanyuma runyeganyezwa umunota 1. Uruvange rwashyizwe kuri centrifuge kuri 9000 × g mu gihe cy'iminota 10 ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba maze supernatant ishyirwa mu kabari ka 2 ml hifashishijwe akayunguruzo ka syringe ka 0.45 μm. Hanyuma, filtrate (250 μl) yavanzwe n'amazi (750 μl) hanyuma ishyirwa muri sisitemu ya HPLC10,42.
Kugira ngo twemeze uburyo, twagennye uburyo bwo kugarura, gukoresha neza, ubushobozi bwo kumenya (LOD), ubushobozi bwo gupima (LOQ), n'uburyo bwo gusuzuma neza mu bihe byiza. LOD yagenwe nk'ibipimo by'icyitegererezo bifite uburebure bw'agahebuzo inshuro eshatu z'urwego rw'urusaku rw'ibanze. Ku rundi ruhande, ibipimo by'icyitegererezo bifite uburebure bw'agahebuzo inshuro 10 z'igipimo cy'urusaku ku kimenyetso byagenwe nka LOQ.
Igisubizo cy'igikoresho cyagenwe hakoreshejwe umurongo upima ugizwe n'amakuru arindwi. Hakoreshejwe ibikubiye muri melamine bitandukanye (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 na 1.2). Uburyo bwo kubara melamine bwaragenwe. Byongeye kandi, urwego rutandukanye rwa melamine rwongewe ku bipimo bitarimo ubusa. Umurongo upima upima ukozwe mu gutera 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 y'umuti usanzwe wa melamine mu ifu y'uruhinja n'amata y'ifu kandi R2 yayo = 0.9925. Ubuziranenge bwapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusubiramo no kongera gukwirakwiza, kandi byagezweho hakoreshejwe gutera ingero ku minsi ya mbere n'itatu yakurikiyeho (mu nshuro eshatu). Uburyo bwo gusubiramo upima bupimwe hakoreshejwe RSD % ku bipimo bitatu bitandukanye bya melamine yongewemo. Inyigo zo kugarura ubuziranenge zakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane ubuziranenge. Igipimo cyo gukira hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukuramo cyabazwe ku byiciro bitatu by'ingano ya melamine (0.1, 1.2, 2) mu bipimo by'amata y'uruhinja n'amata yumye9,11,15.
Igipimo cy'ifunguro rya buri munsi (EDI) cyagenwe hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Aho Ci ari ikigereranyo cya melamine, Cc ni amata akoreshwa naho BW ikaba ikigereranyo cy'uburemere bw'abana.
Isesengura ry'amakuru ryakozwe hakoreshejwe SPSS 24. Ubusanzwe bwapimwe hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya Kolmogorov-Smirnov; amakuru yose yari ibizamini bitari ibipimo (p = 0). Kubwibyo, ikizamini cya Kruskal-Wallis n'ikizamini cya Mann-Whitney byakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y'amatsinda.
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