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Ingendo z'ingingo n'imitsi zishobora gutera amakosa mu gushyira X-rays mu mwanya wayo mu gihe cyo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imirasire. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bifite imiterere ingana n'iya mashini n'iya radiyo birakenewe kugira ngo byigane ingendo z'ingingo kugira ngo uburyo bwo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imirasire burusheho kuba bwiza. Ariko, iterambere ry'ibikoresho nk'ibyo riracyari ikibazo. Alginate hydrogels zifite imiterere isa n'iya matrix yo hanze y'umubiri, bigatuma zitanga icyizere nk'ibikoresho bingana n'iya mashini. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, alginate hydrogel foams zifite imiterere ikenewe ya mashini n'iya radiyo zakozwe hakoreshejwe Ca2+ irekurwa muri situ. Igipimo cy'umwuka n'ubwinshi cyagenzuwe neza kugira ngo haboneke ifuro rya hydrogels rifite imiterere igaragara ya mashini n'iya radiyo. Imiterere migari n'imikoro by'ibikoresho byagaragajwe, kandi imyitwarire y'ifuro rya hydrogels mu gihe cyo gukandamizwa yigwaga. Imiterere ya radiyo yapimwe mu buryo bw'imitekerereze kandi yemezwa mu buryo bw'igerageza hakoreshejwe tomography ya computed. Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza iterambere ry'ibikoresho bingana n'imitsi bishobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza ingano y'imirasire no kugenzura ubuziranenge mu gihe cyo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imirasire.
Ubuvuzi bushingiye ku mirasire ni uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura kanseri1. Gufata ingingo n'imitsi bikunze gutuma habaho amakosa mu gushyira X-ray mu mwanya wayo mu gihe cyo gufata imirasire2, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutuma ikibyimba kidafatwa neza no kwibasirwa cyane n'imirasire idakenewe. Ubushobozi bwo kumenya uko ingingo n'imitsi bizagenda ni ingenzi mu kugabanya amakosa yo kumenya aho ikibyimba kizaba kiri. Ubu bushakashatsi bwibanze ku bihaha, kuko bihinduka cyane iyo abarwayi bahumeka mu gihe cyo gufata imirasire. Hari uburyo butandukanye bw'ibice bito byakozwe kandi bukoreshwa mu kwigana uko ibihaha by'umuntu bigenda3,4,5. Ariko, ingingo n'imitsi y'umuntu bifite imiterere igoye kandi bishingiye cyane ku barwayi. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho bifite imiterere ingana n'imitsi ni ingirakamaro cyane mu guteza imbere imiterere ifatika kugira ngo byemeze imiterere y'inyigisho, byorohereze ubuvuzi bwiza, ndetse no mu rwego rwo kwigisha ubuvuzi.
Iterambere ry'ibikoresho byigana ingingo zoroshye kugira ngo bigere ku miterere y'imiterere y'inyuma n'imbere byakuruye abantu benshi kuko kudahuza kwabyo mu mikorere bishobora gutuma habaho gutsindwa mu mikoreshereze y'intego6,7. Gushushanya imiterere y'imiterere y'ibihaha, ihuza uburyo bworoshye cyane, uburimbane, n'imiterere y'imiterere, bitera imbogamizi ikomeye mu guteza imbere imiterere y'ibihaha byororoka neza. Guhuza no guhuza imiterere y'imikoreshereze n'imirasire ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo imiterere y'ibihaha ikore neza mu buvuzi. Gukora inyongera byagaragaye ko bigira akamaro mu guteza imbere imiterere y'abarwayi, bituma habaho gupima vuba imiterere y'imiterere y'ibihaha. Shin n'abandi 8 bakoze imiterere y'ibihaha ishobora kongera kugaragara, ifite inzira z'umwuka zacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D. Haselaar n'abandi 9 bakoze imiterere isa cyane n'iy'abarwayi nyabo kugira ngo bapime ubuziranenge bw'ishusho n'uburyo bwo kugenzura aho baherereye mu buvuzi bwa radiotherapy. Hong n'abandi 10 bakoze imiterere ya CT yo mu gituza bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya 3D printing na silicone casting kugira ngo bakore imiterere ya CT y'ibisebe bitandukanye byo mu bihaha kugira ngo basuzume ukuri kw'ibipimo. Ariko, izi prototypes akenshi zikorwa mu bikoresho bifite imiterere myiza itandukanye cyane n’iy’ibihaha11.
Muri iki gihe, inyinshi mu ngirabuzimafatizo z'ibihaha zikozwe muri silicone cyangwa polyurethane foam, zidahuye n'imiterere ya mekanike na radiyo ya parenchyma nyayo y'ibihaha.12,13 Alginate hydrogels zirahuye n'ibinyabuzima kandi zakoreshejwe cyane mu buhanga bw'ingingo bitewe n'imiterere yazo ishobora guhinduka.14 Ariko, kongera kubyara imiterere yoroshye cyane, isa n'ifuro ikenewe kuri phantom y'ibihaha yigana neza uburyo bworoshye n'imiterere y'ingingo z'ibihaha bikiri ikibazo cy'igerageza.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, byagaragaye ko ingingo z'ibihaha ari ibintu bingana kandi birenduka. Ubucucike bw'ingingo z'ibihaha by'umuntu (\(\:\rho\:\)) byavuzwe ko ari 1.06 g/cm3, naho ubucucike bw'ibihaha byashongeshejwe ni 0.26 g/cm315. Habonetse ubwoko bwinshi bw'agaciro k'ingingo z'ibihaha bya Young's modulus (MY) hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo kugerageza. Lai-Fook n'abandi 16 bapimye YM y'ibihaha by'umuntu hamwe n'ubwinshi bw'ingufu bungana na 0.42–6.72 kPa. Goss n'abandi 17 bakoresheje elastography ya magnetic resonance maze bavuga ko YM ya 2.17 kPa. Liu n'abandi 18 bavuze ko YM yapimwe neza ya 0.03–57.2 kPa. Ilegbusi n'abandi 19 bavuze ko YM ari 0.1–2.7 kPa hashingiwe ku makuru ya 4D CT yavuye ku barwayi batoranijwe.
Ku bijyanye n'imiterere y'ibihaha, hari ibipimo byinshi bikoreshwa mu gusobanura imikorere y'imiti y'ibihaha hamwe na X-rays, harimo imiterere y'ibinyabutabire, ubucucike bwa electron (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), umubare w'atome ufatika (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), ingufu z'igishyuhirane (\(\:I\)), coefficient yo kugabanya uburemere (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) na Hounsfield unit (HU), ifitanye isano itaziguye na \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Ubucucike bwa electron \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) busobanurwa nk'umubare wa electron kuri buri ngano y'igice kandi bubarwa ku buryo bukurikira:
aho \(\:\rho\:\) ari ubucucike bw'ibikoresho muri g/cm3, \(\:{N}_{A}\) ni constant ya Avogadro, \(\:{w}_{i}\) ni igice cy'uburemere, \(\:{Z}_{i}\) ni umubare wa atome, na \(\:{A}_{i}\) ni uburemere bwa atome bw'ikintu cya i-th.
Umubare wa atome ufitanye isano itaziguye n'imiterere y'imirasire iri mu bikoresho. Ku bintu bivanze n'ibivanze birimo ibintu byinshi (urugero, imyenda), umubare wa atome nyawo ugomba kubarwa. Iyi formula yatanzwe na Murthy et al. 20:
Ingufu zisanzwe zo gushyushya \(\:I\) zisobanura uburyo ibikoresho bigamije kwinjiza byoroshye ingufu za kinetic z'uduce twinjira. Zisobanura gusa imiterere y'ibikoresho bigamije kandi ntaho bihuriye n'imiterere y'uduce. \(\:I\) zishobora kubarwa hakoreshejwe itegeko rya Bragg ryo kongeramo:
Igipimo cyo kugabanya uburemere \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) kivuga uburyo fotoni zinjira n'irekurwa ry'ingufu mu bikoresho by'ingenzi. Kirashobora kubarwa hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira:
Aho \(\:x\) ari ubunini bw'ibikoresho, \(\:{I}_{0}\) ni ubukana bw'urumuri rw'impanuka, naho \(\:I\) ni ubukana bwa fotoni nyuma yo kwinjira mu bikoresho. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) amakuru ashobora kuboneka mu buryo butaziguye muri NIST 12621 Standards Reference Database. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) agaciro k'ibivanze n'ibivanze gashobora guturuka hakoreshejwe itegeko ryo kongeramo ibintu ku buryo bukurikira:
HU ni igice gisanzwe kitagira ibipimo cyo gupima ubucucike bwa radio mu gusobanura amakuru ya tomography ya computed (CT), gihinduka mu buryo bugororotse uhereye ku gipimo cya attenuation coefficient cyapimwe \(\:\mu\:\). Gisobanurwa nk'iki:
aho \(\:{\mu\:}_{water}\) ari coefficient yo kugabanya umwuka, na \(\:{\mu\:}_{air}\) ari coefficient yo kugabanya umwuka. Kubwibyo, dukurikije formula (6) tubona ko agaciro ka HU k'amazi ari 0, naho agaciro ka HU k'umwuka kakaba ari -1000. Agaciro ka HU ku bihaha by'umuntu kari hagati ya -600 na -70022.
Hari ibikoresho byinshi bingana n’ibinyabutabire byakozwe. Griffith n'abandi 23 bakoze icyitegererezo cy’umubiri w’umuntu gikozwe muri polyurethane (PU) aho hongewemo ibipimo bitandukanye bya kalisiyumu karubone (CaCO3) kugira ngo bigane ibipimo by’ibinyabutabire by’ingingo zitandukanye z’umuntu harimo n’ibihaha by’umuntu, kandi icyitegererezo cyiswe Griffith. Taylor24 yatanze icyitegererezo cya kabiri cy’ibihaha gihuye n’ibinyabutabire cyakozwe na Laboratwari y’Igihugu ya Lawrence Livermore (LLNL), cyitwa LLLL1. Traub n'abandi 25 bakoze icyitegererezo gishya cy’ibihaha bakoresheje Foamex XRS-272 irimo 5.25% CaCO3 nk’inyunganizi, cyiswe ALT2. Imbonerahamwe ya 1 na 2 zigaragaza igereranya rya \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) n’ibipimo by’ibinyabutabire by’ibihaha by’umuntu (ICRU-44) n’ibipimo by’ibinyabutabire byavuzwe haruguru.
Nubwo hari imiterere myiza cyane ya radiyoloji yagezweho, hafi ya byose bikozwe muri polystyrene foam, bivuze ko imiterere ya mashini y'ibi bikoresho idashobora kwegera iyo mu bihaha by'abantu. Modulus ya polyurethane foam ya Young (YM) ni hafi 500 kPa, ikaba idafite akamaro ugereranije n'ibihaha bisanzwe by'abantu (hafi 5-10 kPa). Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa gukora ibikoresho bishya bishobora guhuza imiterere ya mashini n'iya radiyoloji y'ibihaha by'abantu nyabo.
Hydrogel zikoreshwa cyane mu buhanga bw'ingingo. Imiterere n'imiterere yazo bisa na matrix ya extracellular (ECM) kandi byoroshye guhindurwa. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, alginate ya sodium yonyine yatoranyijwe nk'ibikoresho bya biomaterial byo gutegura ifuro. Alginate hydrogels zirahuye n'ibinyabuzima kandi zikoreshwa cyane mu buhanga bw'ingingo bitewe n'imiterere yazo ihinduka. Imiterere y'ibanze ya sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n hamwe no kuba Ca2+ ihari bituma imiterere yayo ya radiyo ihindurwa uko bikenewe. Uku guhuza imiterere ya mechanical na radiyo bituma alginate hydrogels nziza mu bushakashatsi bwacu. Birumvikana ko alginate hydrogels nazo zifite imbogamizi, cyane cyane mu bijyanye no kudahungabana igihe kirekire mu bihe by'ubuhumekero. Kubwibyo, hari izindi ngamba zikenewe kandi zitezwe mu bushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza kugira ngo hakemurwe izi mbogamizi.
Muri uyu murimo, twakoze ibikoresho bya alginate hydrogel foam bifite agaciro ka rho gashobora kugenzurwa, uburimbane, n'imiterere ya radiyo isa n'iy'imibiri y'ibihaha by'umuntu. Ubu bushakashatsi buzatanga igisubizo rusange cyo gukora phantoms zisa n'imibiri ifite imiterere ya radiyo n'iya radiyo ishobora guhindurwa. Imiterere y'imibiri ishobora guhindurwa byoroshye hakurikijwe ingingo n'urugingo rw'umuntu.
Igipimo cy’umwuka ugera ku ngano y’umwuka w’ifuro rya hydrogel cyabazwe hashingiwe ku rugero rwa HU rw’ibihaha by’umuntu (-600 kugeza -700). Byafatwaga ko ifuro ryari uruvange rw’umwuka n’ifuro rya alginate rya sintetike. Hakoreshejwe itegeko ryoroshye ryo kongeramo ibintu ku giti cyabyo \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), igice cy’ingano y’umwuka n’igipimo cy’ingano ya hydrogel ya alginate ya sintetike byashoboraga kubarwa.
Ifuro rya Alginate hydrogel ryakozwe hakoreshejwe sodium alginate (Igice cya No. W201502), CaCO3 (Igice cya No. 795445, MW: 100.09), na GDL (Igice cya No. G4750, MW: 178.14) ryaguzwe muri Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, MO. 70% Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) yaguzwe muri Renowned Trading LLC. Amazi ya deionized yakoreshejwe mu gutegura ifuro. Sodium alginate yashongeshejwe mu mazi ya deionized ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba hamwe no kuvanga buri gihe (600 rpm) kugeza habonetse umuti w'umuhondo ubonerana. CaCO3 ivanze na GDL yakoreshejwe nk'isoko ya Ca2+ kugira ngo itangire gusya. SLES 70 yakoreshejwe nk'umusemburo wo gukora imiterere y'imyenge muri hydrogel. Igipimo cya alginate cyagumye kuri 5% naho igipimo cya Ca2+:-COOH molar cyagumye kuri 0.18. Igipimo cya CaCO3:GDL molar nacyo cyagumye kuri 0.5 mu gihe cyo gutegura ifuro kugira ngo hagumane pH idafite aho ibogamiye. Igipimo ni 26. 2% by'ingano ya SLES 70 byongewe ku bipimo byose. Agakoresho gafite umupfundikizo kakoreshejwe mu kugenzura igipimo cyo kuvanga umuti n'umwuka. Ingano yose y'agakoresho yari 140 ml. Hashingiwe ku bisubizo by'ibarura byatanzwe, ingano zitandukanye z'uruvange (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) zongewe mu gakoresho kugira ngo zivangwe n'umwuka. Icyitegererezo kirimo 50 ml y'uruvange cyagenewe kuvangwa n'umwuka uhagije, mu gihe igipimo cy'ingano y'umwuka mu bindi bipimo bibiri cyagenzurwaga. Ubwa mbere, SLES 70 yongewe mu gisubizo cya alginate hanyuma ivangwa n'icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi kugeza ivanze neza. Hanyuma, CaCO3 suspension yongewe mu ruvange kandi ivangwa buri gihe kugeza imvange ivanze neza, ubwo ibara ryayo ryahindukaga umweru. Amaherezo, igisubizo cya GDL cyongewe mu ruvange kugira ngo hatangwe imvange, kandi gukangura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga byakomeje mu gihe cyose. Ku gipimo kirimo mililitiro 50 z'uruvange, gukangura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga byarahagaze igihe ingano y'uruvange yahagararaga guhinduka. Ku gipimo kirimo mililitiro 100 na mililitiro 110 z'uruvange, gukangura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga byarahagaze igihe uruvange rwuzuye mu gikombe. Twagerageje kandi gutegura ifuro rya hydrogel rifite ingano iri hagati ya mililitiro 50 na mililitiro 100. Ariko, hagaragaye ko imiterere y'uruvange idahindagurika, kuko rwahindukaga hagati y'imiterere y'umwuka wose n'imiterere y'ubushobozi bw'umwuka, bigatuma habaho kugenzura ingano idahuye. Uku kudahuza kw'imiterere kwazanye imbogamizi mu mibare, bityo ubu buryo bw'ingano ntibwashyizwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Ubucucike \(\:\rho\:\) bw'ifuro rya hydrogel bubarwa hapimwa uburemere \(\:m\) n'ingano \(\:V\) by'icyitegererezo cya hydrogel foam.
Amashusho ya mikorosikopi y’ifuro rya hydrogel yabonetse hakoreshejwe kamera ya Zeiss Axio Observer A1. Porogaramu ya ImageJ yakoreshejwe mu kubara umubare n’ingano y’imyenge mu gice runaka hashingiwe ku mashusho yabonetse. Imiterere y’imyenge ifatwa nk’uruziga.
Kugira ngo higwe imiterere y’imashini ya alginate hydrogel foams, hakozwe ibizamini byo gukanda uniaxial hakoreshejwe imashini ya TESTRESOURCES 100 series. Ingero zaciwe mo ibice by’urukiramende maze ingano y’ibice ipimwa kugira ngo harebwe imitsi n’imitsi. Umuvuduko w’umutwe washyizwe kuri mm 10/min. Ingero eshatu zapimwe kuri buri gipimo kandi impuzandengo n’ihame byapimwe hakurikijwe ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Ubu bushakashatsi bwibanze ku miterere y’imashini ya alginate hydrogel foams kubera ko ibihaha bihura n’imbaraga zo gukanda ku ntera runaka y’izunguruka ry’ubuhumekero. Kurushaho kwaguka ni ingenzi cyane, cyane cyane kugira ngo hagaragazwe imikorere yuzuye y’ibihaha kandi ibi bizasuzumwa mu bushakashatsi bw’ejo hazaza.
Ingero za hydrogel foam zateguwe zasuzumwe hakoreshejwe scanner ya Siemens SOMATOM Drive ifite imiyoboro ibiri ya CT. Ibipimo byo guskana byashyizweho ku buryo bukurikira: 40 mAs, 120 kVp n'ubugari bwa 1 mm. Dosiye za DICOM zavuyemo zasesenguwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya MicroDicom DICOM Viewer kugira ngo hasesengurwe agaciro ka HU k'ibice 5 bya buri rugero. Agaciro ka HU kabonetse na CT kagereranyijwe n'imibare y'ibitekerezo hashingiwe ku makuru y'ubucucike bw'ingero.
Intego y'ubu bushakashatsi ni ukuvugurura uburyo ingingo z'umubiri zikora n'uturemangingo tw'ibinyabuzima by'ubukorano zikora ibintu byoroshye. Guteza imbere ibikoresho bifite imiterere ya mekanike n'iya radiyo ijyanye n'imikorere y'ibihaha by'umuntu ni ingenzi mu bikorwa byihariye nko kunoza amahugurwa y'ubuvuzi, gutegura kubaga, no gutegura ubuvuzi bushingiye ku mirasire. Mu Ishusho ya 1A, twagaragaje itandukaniro riri hagati y'imiterere ya mekanike n'iya radiyo y'ibikoresho byoroshye bikoreshwa mu gukora ibishushanyo by'ibihaha by'umuntu. Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho byakozwe bigaragaza imiterere ya radiyo yifuzwa, ariko imiterere yabyo ntabwo yujuje ibisabwa byifuzwa. Ifuro rya polyurethane na rubber ni byo bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu gukora ibishushanyo by'ibihaha by'umuntu bishobora kwangirika. Imiterere ya polyurethane foam (Young's modulus, YM) ubusanzwe iruta inshuro 10 kugeza 100 iy'uturemangingo dusanzwe tw'ibihaha by'umuntu. Ibikoresho bigaragaza imiterere ya mekanike n'iya radiyo byifuzwa ntibiramenyekana.
(A) Ishusho ngenderwaho y'imiterere y'ibintu bitandukanye byoroshye no kugereranya n'ibihaha by'umuntu mu bijyanye n'ubucucike, modulus ya Young n'imiterere ya radiyo (muri HU). (B) Imiterere ya diffraction ya X-ray ya hydrogel alginate ifite igipimo cya 5% n'igipimo cya Ca2+:-COOH molar cya 0.18. (C) Ingano y'ingano y'umwuka mu ifuro rya hydrogel. (D) Ishusho ngenderwaho y'ifuro rya hydrogel alginate rifite igipimo gitandukanye cy'ingano y'umwuka.
Imiterere y'ibice bya alginate hydrogels ifite igipimo cya 5% n'igipimo cya Ca2+:-COOH molar cya 0.18 byarabazwe, kandi ibisubizo bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 3. Dukurikije itegeko ryo kongeramo muri formula ibanziriza iyi (5), igipimo cyo kugabanya uburemere bwa alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) kiboneka nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1B.
Agaciro k'umwuka n'amazi kabonetse mu buryo butaziguye muri database ya NIST 12612. Bityo, Ishusho ya 1C igaragaza ingano y'umwuka yabazwe mu mfuro za hydrogel zifite agaciro ka HU kari hagati ya -600 na -700 ku bihaha by'umuntu. Igipimo cy'ingano y'umwuka cyabazwe mu buryo bw'imitekerereze gihamye kiri hagati ya 60–70% mu ngufu kuva kuri 1 × 10−3 kugeza kuri 2 × 101 MeV, bigaragaza ko bishoboka cyane ko ifuro rya hydrogel rikoreshwa mu bikorwa byo mu nganda.
Ishusho ya 1D igaragaza icyitegererezo cya alginate hydrogel foam cyateguwe. Ingero zose zaciwemo uduce duto dufite uburebure bwa mm 12.7. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko habayeho ifuro rya hydrogel rifite imiterere itatu kandi rihamye. Uko ingano y'umwuka ingana kose, nta tandukaniro rinini ryagaragaye mu miterere y'ifuro rya hydrogel. Uburyo ifuro rya hydrogel rikomeza kwiyubaka bigaragaza ko urusobe rw'ifuro ryakozwe muri hydrogel rufite imbaraga zihagije zo gushyigikira uburemere bw'ifuro ubwaryo. Uretse amazi make yavuye muri ifuro, ifuro ryagaragaje ko rihoraho mu gihe cy'ibyumweru byinshi.
Mu gupima uburemere n'ingano y'icyitegererezo cy'ifuro, ubucucike bw'ifuro rya hydrogel ryateguwe \(\:\rho\:\) bwarabazwe, kandi ibisubizo bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 4. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko \(\:\rho\:\) ishingiye ku gipimo cy'ubwinshi bw'umwuka. Iyo umwuka uhagije uvanze na 50 ml y'icyitegererezo, ubucucike buba bwo hasi cyane kandi ni 0.482 g/cm3. Uko ingano y'umwuka uvanze igabanuka, ubucucike buriyongera bukagera kuri 0.685 g/cm3. Agaciro ntarengwa k'p hagati y'amatsinda ya 50 ml, 100 ml na 110 ml kari 0.004 < 0.05, bigaragaza akamaro k'imibare k'ibyavuyemo.
Agaciro ka \(\:\rho\:\) k’inyigo kabarwa kandi hakoreshejwe igipimo cy’ubwinshi bw’umwuka ugenzurwa. Ibisubizo byapimwe bigaragaza ko \(\:\rho\:\) ari 0.1 g/cm³ ntoya ugereranyije n’agaciro ka teyori. Iri tandukaniro rishobora gusobanurwa n’umuvuduko w’imbere ukomoka muri hydrogel mu gihe cyo gukaraba, bigatuma habaho kubyimba bityo bigatuma \(\:\rho\:\). Ibi byashimangiwe no kubona icyuho kimwe kiri mu ifuro rya hydrogel mu mashusho ya CT agaragara ku Ishusho ya 2 (A, B na C).
Amashusho ya mikorosikopi y'urumuri rwa hydrogel rufite ingano y'umwuka itandukanye (A) 50, (B) 100, na (C) 110. Imibare y'uturemangingo n'ingano y'imyenge mu ngero z'urumuri rwa hydrogel rwa alginate (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Ishusho ya 3 (A, B, C) igaragaza amashusho ya mikorosikopi y’urumuri rw’imvange ya hydrogel ifite ingano y’umwuka itandukanye. Ibisubizo bigaragaza imiterere y’urumuri rw’imvange ya hydrogel, bigaragaza neza amashusho y’imyenge ifite uburebure butandukanye. Ikwirakwizwa ry’umubare w’imyenge n’umurambararo ryabazwe hakoreshejwe ImageJ. Hafashwe amashusho atandatu kuri buri cyitegererezo, buri shusho yari ifite ingano ya 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, kandi ubuso bwose bwasesenguwe kuri buri cyitegererezo bwari 5.7 mm².
(A) Imyitwarire yo gukanda no gukanda ifuro rya alginate hydrogel rifite ingano zitandukanye z'umwuka. (B) Gushyiramo ibintu mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo. (C) Gukanda E0 y'ifuro rya hydrogel rifite ingano zitandukanye z'umwuka. (D) Gukanda no gukanda burundu ifuro rya alginate hydrogel rifite ingano zitandukanye z'umwuka.
Ishusho ya 3 (D, E, F) igaragaza ko ingano y'imyenge isaranganywa neza, kuva kuri mikorometero icumi kugeza kuri mikorometero zigera kuri 500. Ingano y'imyenge irangana, kandi igabanuka gato uko ingano y'umwuka igabanuka. Dukurikije amakuru y'igerageza, ingano mpuzandengo y'ingero ya mililitiro 50 ni 192.16 μm, impuzandengo ni 184.51 μm, kandi umubare w'imyenge kuri buri gice ni 103; impuzandengo y'ingero ya mililitiro 100 ni 156.62 μm, impuzandengo ni 151.07 μm, naho umubare w'imyenge kuri buri gice ni 109; agaciro gahuye n'icyitegererezo cya mililitiro 110 ni 163.07 μm, 150.29 μm na 115, uko bikurikirana. Amakuru agaragaza ko imyenge minini igira ingaruka zikomeye ku bisubizo by’imibare by’ingano y’imyenge mpuzandengo, kandi ingano y’imyenge mpuzandengo ishobora kugaragaza neza impinduka z’ingano y’imyenge. Uko ingano y’icyitegererezo yiyongera kuva kuri 50 ml kugeza kuri 110 ml, umubare w’imyenge nawo uriyongera. Uhuje ibisubizo by’imibare by’umurambararo w’imyenge mpuzandengo n’umubare w’imyenge, byafatwa umwanzuro ko uko ingano yiyongera, imyenge myinshi mito igaragara imbere mu cyitegererezo.
Amakuru y’ibizamini bya mekanike agaragara ku Ishusho ya 4A na 4D. Ishusho ya 4A igaragaza imyitwarire yo gukanda no gukanda kw’ifuro rya hydrogel ryateguwe rifite ingano y’umwuka itandukanye. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko ingero zose zifite imyitwarire isa n’iy’ugukanda no gukanda. Kuri buri rugero, umuvuduko wiyongera vuba uko umuvuduko wiyongera. Umuvuduko w’inyuma washyizwe ku imyitwarire yo gukanda no gukanda kw’ifuro rya hydrogel. Ishusho ya 4B igaragaza ibisubizo nyuma yo gukoresha imikorere ya exponential nk'icyitegererezo gihuye n’ifuro rya hydrogel.
Ku byuma bya hydrogel bifite ingano y'umwuka itandukanye, nabyo byizweho modulus yabyo yo gukanda (E0). Kimwe n'isesengura rya hydrogels, modulus ya Young yo gukanda yasuzumwe ku kigero cya 20% by'umuvuduko w'ibanze. Ibisubizo by'ibizamini byo gukanda bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4C. Ibisubizo ku Ishusho ya 4C bigaragaza ko uko igipimo cy'umwuka kigabanuka kuva ku rugero rwa 50 kugera ku rugero rwa 110, modulus ya Young yo gukanda E0 ya alginate hydrogel foam yiyongera kuva kuri 10.86 kPa kugera kuri 18 kPa.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, habonetse imiyoboro yuzuye y'ifuro rya hydrogel, ndetse n'agaciro kayo gakomeye. Ishusho ya 4D igaragaza umuvuduko ukabije n'umuvuduko wa alginate hydrogel. Buri gice cy'amakuru ni impuzandengo y'ibisubizo bitatu by'ibizamini. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko umuvuduko ukabije w'umuvuduko wiyongera kuva kuri 9.84 kPa kugera kuri 17.58 kPa hamwe n'umuvuduko ugabanuka wa gazi. Umuvuduko urambye uguma uhamye kuri 38%.
Ishusho ya 2 (A, B, na C) igaragaza amashusho ya CT y'ifuro rya hydrogel rifite ingano y'umwuka itandukanye ijyanye n'ingero za 50, 100, na 110, uko bikurikirana. Amashusho agaragaza ko ifuro rya hydrogel ryakozwe hafi ya ryose. Icyuho gito cyagaragaye mu ngero za 100 na 110. Iremwa ry'izi cyuho rishobora guterwa n'umuvuduko w'imbere wa hydrogel mu gihe cyo gupima. Twabaruye agaciro ka HU ku bice 5 bya buri ngero maze tubishyira ku rutonde mu mbonerahamwe ya 5 hamwe n'ibisubizo by'ibarura bihuye.
Imbonerahamwe ya 5 igaragaza ko ingero zifite ingano y'umwuka itandukanye zabonye agaciro ka HU gatandukanye. Agaciro ntarengwa ka p hagati y'amatsinda ya 50 ml, 100 ml na 110 ml kari 0.004 < 0.05, bigaragaza akamaro k'imibare k'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Mu ngero eshatu zageragejwe, ingero ifite uruvange rwa 50 ml yari ifite imiterere ya radiyo iri hafi y'iy'ibihaha by'umuntu. Inkingi ya nyuma y'Imbonerahamwe ya 5 ni ibisubizo byabonetse hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubara bushingiye ku gaciro ka foam kapimwe \(\:\rho\:\). Mu kugereranya amakuru yapimwe n'ibisubizo bya teworijiya, byagaragaye ko agaciro ka HU kabonetse hakoreshejwe CT scanning muri rusange kari hafi y'ibisubizo bya teworijiya, ibi bikaba byemeza ibisubizo byo kubara ingano y'umwuka muri Ishusho ya 1C.
Intego nyamukuru y'ubu bushakashatsi ni ukurema ibikoresho bifite imiterere ya mekanike n'iya radiyoloji nk'iy'ibihaha by'umuntu. Iyi ntego yagezweho binyuze mu gukora ibikoresho bishingiye kuri hydrogel bifite imiterere ya mekanike n'iya radiyoloji ihuye n'iy'ibihaha by'umuntu. Hagendewe ku mibare y'abahanga, ifuro rya hydrogel rifite ingano y'umwuka itandukanye, ryateguwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa mekanike buvanze sodium alginate, CaCO3, GDL na SLES 70. Isesengura ry'imiterere ryerekanye ko habayeho ifuro rya hydrogel rifite imiterere itatu. Mu guhindura ingano y'umwuka, ubucucike n'ubuso bw'ifuro bishobora guhindurwa uko umuntu abyifuza. Uko ingano y'umwuka yiyongera, ingano y'imyenge iragabanuka gato kandi umubare w'imyenge uriyongera. Ibizamini byo gukanda byakozwe kugira ngo hasesengurwe imiterere ya mekanike y'ifuro rya hydrogel rya alginate. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko modulus yo gukanda (E0) yavuye mu bizamini byo gukanda iri mu rugero rwiza ku bihaha by'umuntu. E0 iriyongera uko ingano y'umwuka igabanuka. Agaciro k'imiterere y'imirasire (HU) y'ibipimo byateguwe kabonetse hashingiwe ku makuru ya CT y'ibipimo kandi kagereranywa n'ibyavuye mu mibare y'abahanga. Ibisubizo byari byiza. Agaciro kapimwe kandi kari hafi y'agaciro ka HU k'ibihaha by'umuntu. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko bishoboka gukora ifuro rya hydrogel ryigana ingingo hamwe n'uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza imiterere y'imikorere n'imirasire y'umubiri bigana imiterere y'ibihaha by'umuntu.
Nubwo hari umusaruro mwiza, uburyo bwo gukora ubu bugomba kunozwa kugira ngo bugenzure neza ingano y'umwuka n'ubuso bw'umwuka kugira ngo bihuze n'ibyahanuwe bivuye mu mibare y'ibitekerezo n'ibihaha by'umuntu ku bipimo nyabyo by'isi n'ibyo mu gace. Ubushakashatsi buriho kandi bugarukira ku gupima uburyo bwo gukanda, bugabanya ikoreshwa ry'umwuka mu cyiciro cyo gukanda cy'uruhererekane rw'ubuhumekero. Ubushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza bwakungukira mu gusuzuma ibizamini byo gukanda ndetse no ku buryo rusange bwo gukanda ibikoresho kugira ngo hasuzumwe uburyo bishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cy'imizigo ihindagurika. Nubwo hari izi mbogamizi, ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza uburyo bwa mbere bwagenze neza bwo guhuza imiterere ya radiyo n'iy'imashini mu kintu kimwe gisa n'ibihaha by'umuntu.
Amakuru yakozwe cyangwa yasesenguwe mu bushakashatsi buriho araboneka ku mwanditsi ubisabwe mu buryo bwumvikana. Igerageza n'amakuru yombi ashobora kongera gutangwa.
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