Ibihe bya shimi bibaho hirya no hino—birumvikana iyo ubitekerejeho, ariko ni bangahe muri twe babikora iyo dutangiye imodoka, duteka igi, cyangwa dufumbira ubwatsi bwacu?
Impuguke mu gupima ibinyabutabire Richard Kong yagiye atekereza ku bijyanye n’ibinyabutabire. Mu kazi ke nk’ “umuhanga mu gupima ibinyabutabire,” nk’uko abivuga, ntabwo ashishikajwe gusa n’ibisubizo bivuka ubwabyo, ahubwo anashishikajwe no kumenya ibisubizo bishya.
Nk'umunyeshuri wa Klarman mu bijyanye n'ubutabire n'ibinyabuzima by'ubutabire muri Koleji y'Ubugeni n'Ubumenyi, Kong akora ku guteza imbere ibintu bitera imbaraga mu gukora ibinyabutabire bigamije kugera ku musaruro wifuza, bigatuma habaho ibicuruzwa bitekanye kandi bifite agaciro, harimo n'ibishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku buzima bw'umuntu. Ku wa gatatu.
Kong yagize ati: “Ibikorwa byinshi bya shimi bibaho nta bufasha,” yerekeza ku kurekurwa kwa dioxyde de carbone iyo imodoka zitwika ibikomoka kuri peteroli. “Ariko ingaruka zikomeye kandi zikomeye za shimi ntizibaho ku buryo bwikora. Aha niho hagaragara ikibazo cya shimi.”
Kong na bagenzi be bakoze catalysts kugira ngo bayobore imikorere bifuzaga ko iba. Urugero, dioxyde de carbone ishobora guhindurwamo aside formic, methanol, cyangwa formaldehyde binyuze mu guhitamo catalysts zikwiye no kugerageza imiterere y’imikorere.
Nk’uko Kyle Lancaster, Porofeseri w’Ubutabire n’Ubumenyi bw’Ibintu (A&S) akaba n’umuyobozi wa Kong abivuga, uburyo bwa Kong buhuye neza n’uburyo bwa laboratwari ya Lancaster bwo “gukoresha uburyo bwo kuvumbura”. Lancaster yagize ati: “Richard yagize igitekerezo cyo gukoresha tin kugira ngo anonosore shimi ye, ibyo bitari byarigeze biba mu nyandiko yanjye. Afite catalyst ishobora guhindura dioxyde de carbone mu buryo bwihariye, ivugwaho cyane mu binyamakuru, ikaba ikintu cy’agaciro kurushaho.”
Kong n'abo bakorana baherutse kuvumbura uburyo, mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, bushobora guhindura dioxyde de carbone mo aside formique.
Kong yagize ati: “Nubwo tutaragera ku rwego rwo hejuru mu gusubiza ibintu, sisitemu yacu irahinduka cyane.” Muri ubu buryo, dushobora gutangira gusobanukirwa neza impamvu zimwe na zimwe zikora vuba kurusha izindi, impamvu zimwe na zimwe zikora neza kurusha izindi. Dushobora guhindura ibipimo bya za catalysts no kugerageza gusobanukirwa icyatuma ibi bintu bikora vuba, kuko uko bikora vuba, uko bikora neza, ni ko ushobora gukora molekile vuba.”
Nk’umukozi wa Klarman, Kong arimo gukora cyane kugira ngo akureho nitrati, ifumbire isanzwe inyura mu mazi, mu bidukikije ikayihinduramo ibintu bitangiza ubuzima, nk’uko yabitangaje.
Kong yagerageje gukoresha ibyuma biboneka mu butaka, nka aluminiyumu na tini, nk'ibintu bitera imbaraga. Ibyo byuma birahendutse, ntabwo ari uburozi kandi ni byinshi mu butaka, bityo kubikoresha ntibizateza ibibazo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije, nk'uko yabitangaje.
Kong yagize ati: “Turimo gukora kandi uburyo bwo gukora catalysts aho ibyuma bibiri bihurira. Dukoresheje ibyuma bibiri mu buryo bumwe, ni izihe ngaruka n'imikorere ishimishije ya shimi dushobora kubona muri sisitemu za bimetallic?”
Kong yavuze ko amashyamba ari ibidukikije bibungabunga ibi byuma - ni ingenzi cyane mu gutuma ibi byuma birushaho gukora akazi kabyo, nk'uko ukeneye imyenda ikwiye kugira ngo ubone ikirere gikwiye.
Mu myaka 70 ishize, ihame ryari ugukoresha ikigo kimwe cy'icyuma kugira ngo hagerwe ku mpinduka mu by'imiti, ariko mu myaka icumi ishize, abahanga mu by'imiti muri urwo rwego batangiye gukora ubushakashatsi ku isano iri hagati y'ibyuma bibiri, byaba ibya shimi cyangwa ibya hafi. Kong agira ati: “Bya mbere biguha ubwisanzure bwinshi.”
Kong avuga ko izi katalyst zikoresha ibyuma bibiri ziha abahanga mu bya shimi ubushobozi bwo guhuza katalyst z'ibyuma hashingiwe ku mbaraga n'intege nke zazo. Urugero, ikigo cy'icyuma gifatana nabi n'ibintu ariko kigacana neza imigozi gishobora gukorana n'ikindi kigo cy'icyuma gicana nabi imigozi ariko kigacana neza imigozi. Kuba hari icyuma cya kabiri bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'icyuma cya mbere.
Kong yagize ati: “Ushobora gutangira kubona icyo twita ingaruka zo guhuza hagati y’ibice bibiri by’icyuma. Urwego rwa bimetallic catalysis rutangiye kugaragaza uburyo bwihariye kandi butangaje bwo gukora ibintu.”
Kong yavuze ko hakiri byinshi bitazwi neza ku buryo ibyuma bifatana mu bintu bigizwe na molekile. Yashimishijwe cyane n'ubwiza bw'ubutabire bwabyo nk'uko yashimishijwe n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Kong yazanywe muri Laboratories za Lancaster kubera ubuhanga bwe mu gupima X-ray.
Lancaster yagize ati: “Ni ubufatanye. Gupima X-ray spectroscopy byafashije Richard gusobanukirwa ibyaberaga inyuma y’aho ibintu bibera n’icyatuma tin ikora neza cyane kandi ikabasha gukora iyi reaction ya shimi. Twungukiye ku bumenyi bwe bwinshi mu bijyanye na shimi y’amatsinda akomeye, byatumye itsinda rijya mu gace gashya.”
Kong avuga ko byose bishingiye ku buhanga bw'ibanze mu bijyanye n'ubutabire n'ubushakashatsi, kandi ubu buryo bushoboka binyuze muri buruse ya Open Klarman.
Yagize ati: “Ku munsi usanzwe, nshobora gukora reactions muri laboratwari cyangwa kwicara kuri mudasobwa ikora simulation ya molecules.” “Turimo kugerageza kubona ishusho yuzuye y’imikorere ya shimi uko bishoboka kose.”