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Niba ufite nimero y'ubunyamuryango bwa ACS, nyamuneka uyishyire hano kugira ngo dushobore guhuza iyi konti n'ubunyamuryango bwawe. (Ntabwo ari ngombwa)
ACS iha agaciro ubuzima bwite bwawe. Mu gutanga amakuru yawe, ushobora gusura C&EN no kwiyandikisha ku makuru yacu ya buri cyumweru. Dukoresha amakuru utanga kugira ngo tunoze uburyo usoma, kandi ntituzigera tugurisha amakuru yawe ku bandi banyamuryango.
Mu 2005, ikigo kinini cy’ibicuruzwa bicuruzwa Colgate-Palmolive cyavuye mu bucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa byo kumesa imyenda byo muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru kigurisha ibicuruzwa nka Fab na Dynamo kuri Phoenix Brands. Nyuma y’imyaka itatu, ikindi kigo gikomeye cy’ibicuruzwa bicuruzwa, Unilever, cyagurishije ibicuruzwa byacyo byo kumesa imyenda byo muri Amerika birimo All na Wisk kuri Sun Products.
Kugurisha ubucuruzi bwayo ku bigo bibiri bito byigenga byatumye isoko rya P&G ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu isabune yo kumesa imyenda muri Amerika ritagishobora kubangamira. Igishimishije ni uko Procter & Gamble batatangaje ko batsinze.
Mu by’ukuri, mu 2014, Alan G. Lafley, wari Umuyobozi Mukuru wa Procter & Gamble (P&G), yicujije ku ivanwa rya Unilever. Yavuze ko yatsinze isoko ryo hagati ry’isoko ry’imashini zisukura, bituma ibicuruzwa bya P&G byibanda cyane ku isoko ryo ku rwego rwo hejuru, mu gihe bitanga ibicuruzwa byo ku rwego rwo hasi n’abandi batatu bahanganye. Procter & Gamble ni ikigo cy’ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane nka Tide na Gain. Gifite hafi 60% by’ubucuruzi bw’imashini zisukura imyenda muri Amerika, ariko ubu ni ubucuruzi buhagaze, kandi hari itandukaniro rinini ry’ibiciro hagati y’ibicuruzwa by’ikigo n’ibyo bahanganye.
Nyuma y'umwaka umwe, umwe mu bahanganye nayo, isosiyete yo mu Budage ya Henkel, yahinduye ibintu. Iyi sosiyete yazanye inzoga yayo nziza cyane yo mu Burayi yitwa Persil muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, itangira kugurishwa gusa binyuze muri Wal-Mart, hanyuma igurishwa mu maduka nka Target. Mu 2016, Henkel yongeye kwitiranya ibintu igura Sun Products.
Gutangiza Persil byasubije imbaraga ubucuruzi bw'isabune zo kumesa imyenda, ariko bishobora kuba byihuta kurusha uko Lafley yabyiteze. Muri Gicurasi ishize, ubwo ikinyamakuru “Consumer Report” cyashyiraga ahagaragara kimwe mu bicuruzwa bishya bya Henkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, isabune y'abanyamerika yitwaye neza kurusha izindi, we n'abandi bayobozi ba P&G bagomba gutungurwa. Umuhango wo kwimika Tide wazamuye umwanya wa kabiri ku nshuro ya mbere mu myaka myinshi ishize.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) yongeye gukora ibicuruzwa byayo bya mbere bikomeye bya Tide Ultra Stain Release mu 2016. Iyi sosiyete yavuze ko yongereyemo imiti igabanya ubushyuhe ikanakuraho amazi, bigatuma habaho formula ikomeye kandi ikomeye ishobora kunoza gukuraho ubushyuhe. Iki kinyamakuru cyavuze ko ibi bicuruzwa byaje ku isonga mu isesengura ryakurikiyeho rya Consumer Reports, nubwo atari ngombwa mu mibare.
Raporo z’abaguzi ziherutse gushyira Tide Plus Ultra irangi rikuraho ibara hamwe na Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 nk'isabune ebyiri nziza zo kumesa imyenda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. C&EN izagenzura ibikoresho bitera iyi mimerere, ndetse n'ikoreshwa ryabyo n'ababikora.
Raporo z’abaguzi ziherutse gushyira Tide Plus Ultra irangi rikuraho ibara hamwe na Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 nk'isabune ebyiri nziza zo kumesa imyenda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. C&EN izagenzura ibikoresho bitera iyi mimerere, ndetse n'ikoreshwa ryabyo n'ababikora.
Haracyari kare cyane kuvuga niba Henkel azahatanira P&G cyane abaguzi b'Abanyamerika bagura isabune yo kumesa imyenda ihenze. Ariko niba abahanga mu bya farumasi ba P&G bumva batishimiye ko nta rushanwa bahanganye na ryo, nta kabuza bazakurwaho.
Shoaib Arif, umuyobozi ushinzwe porogaramu na serivisi za tekiniki muri Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, yasobanuye ko muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Tide na Persil ari ibicuruzwa byiza cyane ku bucuruzi kandi bishobora kugabanywamo urwego rune rw'imikorere. Mu myaka yashize, Arif n'abandi bahanga mu bya shimi bafashije amasosiyete menshi y'ibikoresho byo mu rugo gukora imashini nshya zo gusukura n'ibindi bikoresho byo gusukura.
Ku isoko riciriritse, ni isabune ihendutse cyane. Nk’uko Arif abivuga, ishobora kuba irimo isabune ihendutse gusa, nka linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) ndetse n’uburyohe n’amabara. Icyiciro gikurikira cy’umusaruro gishobora kongeramo ibintu bifasha cyangwa byubaka isabune, nka sodium citrate, tackifier na surfactant ya kabiri.
LABS ni surfactant ikora nk'iy'amoniki, ikaba nziza mu gukuraho uduce tw'imyenda kandi igakora neza ku mwenda w'ipamba. Surfactant ya kabiri isanzwe ni ethanol ethoxylate, surfactant itagira ionic, ikaba ifite akamaro kurusha LABS, cyane cyane mu gukuraho amavuta n'umwanda mu nsinga za sintetike.
Mu cyiciro cya gatatu, formulateur zishobora kongeramo optique brighteners ku giciro gito. Izi optique brighteners zifata urumuri rwa ultraviolet zikarurekura mu gace k'ubururu kugira ngo imyenda isa neza cyane. Surfactants nziza, chelating agents, izindi wubaka na polymers zirwanya redeposition akenshi biboneka muri bene iyo formulations, zishobora gufata umwanda uva mu mazi yoza kugira ngo udasubira kugaragara ku mwenda.
Imashini zihenze cyane zirangwa n’umuvuduko mwinshi w’ibinyabutabire hamwe n’izindi mashini zitandukanye zikora ibinyabutabire, nka alcool sulfates, alcool ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, amasabune ya aside irike na cations. Polymeri zifata ubutaka zidasanzwe (zimwe zagenewe ibigo nka Procter & Gamble na Henkel) na enzymes nazo ziri muri iki cyiciro.
Ariko, Arif amenyesha ko kwegeranya ibintu bizana imbogamizi zabyo. Ku rugero runaka, gukora isuku ni siyansi, kandi abahanga mu bya shimi bazi ubwiza bw'ibice bya shimi, nk'imikorere y'ibice bya surfactants ku buso.
Yasobanuye ati: “Ariko, iyo formula imaze gutegurwa, ibi bintu byose bizagira ingaruka kuri buri kimwe, kandi ntushobora guhanura neza icyo formula ya nyuma izakora.” “Uracyagomba kwisuzuma kugira ngo urebe neza ko ikora mu buzima busanzwe.”
Urugero, ibintu bifasha mu gukora surfactants n'ibikoresho bishobora kubuza imikorere ya enzymes, nk'uko Arif yabitangaje. Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa detergents bishobora gukoresha ibintu bifasha mu gukora enzymes (nk'umunyu wa sodium na calcium formate) kugira ngo bikemure iki kibazo.
Franco Pala, umuhanga mu by’ubushakashatsi mukuru mu mushinga w’abashakashatsi ba Battelle's World Detergent Project, yagaragaje ko ingano y’ibinyabutabire byinshi biboneka mu bicuruzwa by’isabune nziza nabyo bishobora guteza ibibazo. Pala yasobanuye ati: “Ntibyoroshye kongeramo ibinyabutabire byinshi ku rugero nk’uru.” Gushonga biba ikibazo, kandi imikoranire mibi hagati y’ibinyabutabire na byo biba ikibazo.
Gahunda ya Battelle igizwe n'abakiriya benshi iyobowe na Pala yatangiye mu ntangiriro za 1990 isesengura imiterere y'ibicuruzwa bikomeye byo gusukura ku isi. Battelle ikoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye bya siyansi kugira ngo ifashe ba nyir'ibicuruzwa n'abatanga ibikoresho fatizo kurenga urutonde rw'ibikubiye mu bikoresho kugira ngo basobanukirwe, urugero, urwego rwa etoxylation y'ibicuruzwa bya surfactants cyangwa niba urutirigongo rwa surfactant ari umurongo cyangwa amashami.
Para yavuze ko muri iki gihe, polimeri ari isoko y'ingenzi y'udushya mu bikoresho by'isabune. Urugero, ibicuruzwa bya Tide na Persil byombi birimo polyethilinimine ethoxylate, ikaba ari polimeri ifata umwanda yakozwe na BASF kuri Procter & Gamble, ariko ubu iboneka cyane ku bakora isabune.
Pala yagaragaje ko copolymers za aside terephthalique nazo ziboneka mu isabune nziza cyane, zizatwikira umwenda mu gihe cyo kumesa, bigatuma byoroha gukuraho ibizinga n'umwanda mu gihe cyo kumesa nyuma. Battelle ikoresha ibikoresho nka gel permeation chromatography kugira ngo itandukanye polymers hanyuma ikoreshe infrared spectroscopy kugira ngo imenye imiterere yazo.
Gahunda ya Battelle kandi yibanda cyane ku misemburo, ari byo bicuruzwa bya biotech abakora bakomeza kunoza buri mwaka. Kugira ngo basuzume imikorere ya enzyme, itsinda rya Pala ryashyize iyo enzyme ku gice kirimo chromophore. Iyo enzyme yangije igice, chromophore irarekurwa igapimwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kwinjiza cyangwa gukoresha fluorescence spectroscopy.
Proteases zitera poroteyine ni zo enzymes za mbere zongewe mu isabune mu mpera za 1960. Enzymes zakurikiyeho zongewe mu bubiko zirimo amylase, ibora ifu, na mannanase, igabanya ubukana bw'ifu ya guar gum. Iyo ibiryo birimo guar (nk'ifiriti na sosi ya barbecue) byamenetse ku myenda, chewing gum iguma ku myenda ndetse na nyuma yo kuyimesa. Ishyirwa mu mwenda kandi ikoreshwa nk'ukola ku mwanda w'ibinure, bigatuma habaho ibizinga bigoye kubikuraho.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 na Tide Ultra Stain Release byombi birimo protease, amylase na mannanase.
Persil irimo kandi lipase (ishobora kubora ibinure) na cellulase (ishobora gusukurwa mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu gushonga imigozi imwe n'imwe ya glycosidic muri fibre y'ipamba) kugira ngo ikureho umwanda ufatanye na fibre. Cellulase ishobora kandi koroshya ipamba no kunoza ubwiza bwayo. Muri icyo gihe, nk'uko inyandiko z'ipatanti zibivuga, ikintu cyihariye cya sabune yo mu mazi ni glucanase, ishobora kubora polysaccharides amylase idashobora kwangiza.
Novozymes na DuPont zimaze igihe kinini ari zo zikora cyane enzymes, ariko BASF iherutse kwinjira muri ubu bucuruzi mu buryo bwa poroteyine. Mu nama y’ibicuruzwa byo gusukura yabereye mu Budage mu mpeshyi ishize, BASF yateje imbere uruvange rwa poroteyine nshya na polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ivuga ko uru ruvange rutanga umusaruro mwiza ku bakiriya bifuza gukora isabune zo koza mu bushyuhe buke.
Mu by’ukuri, Arif n’abandi bakurikiranira hafi isoko bavuga ko kwemerera abakora ibikoresho byo gusukura gukora ibikoresho bidakoresha ingufu nke cyangwa kurengera ibidukikije bivuye ku masoko karemano ari wo mupaka ukurikira mu nganda. Muri Gicurasi umwaka ushize, P&G yatangije Tide Purclean, verisiyo y’ikirango cyayo kizwi cyane, aho 65% by’ibikoresho bikomoka ku bimera. Hanyuma, mu Ukwakira, Unilever yaguze Seventh Generation, uruganda rukora ibikoresho byo gusukura ibimera n’ibindi bikoresho byo gusukura, kugira ngo rwongere kwinjira ku isoko ry’ibikoresho byo gusukura muri Amerika.
Nubwo guhindura ibikoresho byiza mu isabune yatsindiye ibihembo ari ikibazo gihoraho, “iki gihe ni ikintu gisanzwe,” Arif yagize ati. “Abakiriya baribaza bati 'Ni gute dukora ibintu bikomoka ku bimera bidafite uburozi bwinshi ku bantu no ku bidukikije, ariko bigakomeza gukora neza?'