Inganda za sima nk'izigaragara hano ni isoko ikomeye ya dioxyde de carbone ishyuha mu gihe cy'ihindagurika ry'ikirere. Ariko zimwe muri izi myanda zishobora guhinduka ubwoko bushya bw'ibicanwa. Uyu munyu ushobora kubikwa neza mu gihe cy'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo cyangwa irenga.
Iyi ni indi nkuru iri mu ruhererekane rw’amakuru areba ikoranabuhanga rishya n’ibikorwa bishobora kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere, kugabanya ingaruka zayo, cyangwa gufasha abaturage guhangana n’isi ihinduka vuba.
Ibikorwa bisohora gaze karuboni (CO2), imyuka ihumanya ikirere isanzwe, bigira uruhare mu gushyushya ikirere cy'Isi. Igitekerezo cyo gukura gaze ka kaboni mu kirere no kuyibika si gishya. Ariko biragoye kubikora, cyane cyane iyo abantu babishoboye. Sisitemu nshya ikemura ikibazo cy'umwanda wa gaze ka kaboni mu buryo butandukanye gato. Ihindura gaze ishyuha ikirere mo ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu buryo bwa shimi.
Ku ya 15 Ugushyingo, abashakashatsi bo mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ikoranabuhanga rya Massachusetts (MIT) i Cambridge basohoye ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwabo mu kinyamakuru Cell Reports Physical Science.
Sisitemu yabo nshya igabanyijemo ibice bibiri. Igice cya mbere kigizwe no guhindura dioxyde de carbone mu kirere kikayihindura molekile yitwa formate kugira ngo ikore ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Kimwe na dioxyde de carbone, formate irimo atome imwe ya karubone na atome ebyiri za ogisijeni, hamwe na atome imwe ya hydrogène. Formate kandi irimo ibindi bintu byinshi. Ubushakashatsi bushya bwakoresheje umunyu wa formate, ukomoka kuri sodium cyangwa potasiyumu.
Uturemangingo twinshi twa lisansi dukoresha hydrogen, gazi ishobora gushya ikenera imiyoboro n'ibigega bifite umuvuduko kugira ngo ikoreshwe. Ariko, uturemangingo twa lisansi dushobora no gukora kuri formate. Formate ifite ingufu zingana na hydrogen, nk'uko Li Ju, umuhanga mu bya siyansi wayoboye iterambere ry'iyi sisitemu nshya abivuga. Formate ifite inyungu zimwe na zimwe kurusha hydrogen, nk'uko Li Ju yabitangaje. Ni nziza kandi ntisaba kubika umuvuduko mwinshi.
Abashakashatsi bo muri MIT bakoze akazu k’ibikomoka kuri peteroli kugira ngo bagerageze formate, bakora muri dioxyde de carbone. Babanje kuvanga umunyu n’amazi. Hanyuma uruvange rwashyizwe mu kazu k’ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Imbere mu kazu k’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, formate yarekuraga elektroni mu buryo bwa shimi. Izi elektroni zavaga kuri electrode negative y’akazu k’ibikomoka kuri peteroli zijya kuri electrode positive, byuzuza uruziga rw’amashanyarazi. Izi elektroni zitemba—umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi—zamaze amasaha 200 mu gihe cy’igerageza.
Zhen Zhang, umuhanga mu bya siyansi ukorana na Li muri MIT, afite icyizere ko itsinda rye rizabasha kwagura ikoranabuhanga rishya mu myaka icumi ishize.
Itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi rya MIT ryakoresheje uburyo bwa chimique kugira ngo rihindure dioxyde de carbone mo ikintu cy’ingenzi mu gukora ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Ubwa mbere, bayishyize mu gisubizo cya alkaline cyane. Bahisemo sodium hydroxide (NaOH), izwi cyane nka lye. Ibi bitera ingaruka z’ikinyabutabire zikora sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), izwi cyane nka baking soda.
Hanyuma bacanye umuriro. Umuriro w'amashanyarazi wateje impinduka nshya mu bya shimi yagabanyijemo atome ya ogisijeni yose mu gice cya soda yo guteka, hasigara sodium formate (NaCHO2). Sisitemu yabo yahinduye hafi karubone yose iri muri CO2 - irenga 96 ku ijana - muri uyu munyu.
Ingufu zikenewe kugira ngo umwuka wa ogisijeni ukurweho zibikwa mu migozi ya shimi ya formate. Porofeseri Li yavuze ko formate ishobora kubika izi ngufu mu gihe cy'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo idatakaza ingufu zishobora gushoboka. Hanyuma ikora amashanyarazi iyo inyuze mu kazu k'ibikomoka kuri lisansi. Niba amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gukora formate aturuka ku mirasire y'izuba, umuyaga cyangwa amashanyarazi akomoka ku mazi, amashanyarazi akomoka kuri kazu k'ibikomoka kuri lisansi azaba isoko y'ingufu isukuye.
Kugira ngo twongere ikoranabuhanga rishya, Lee yagize ati: “Dukeneye gushaka umutungo kamere w’ubutaka wa lye.” Yize ubwoko bw’ibuye ryitwa alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Iyo rivanze n’amazi, aya mabuye ahinduka lye.
Farzan Kazemifar ni injeniyeri muri Kaminuza ya Leta ya San Jose muri Kaliforuniya. Ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanze ku kubika dioxyde de carbone mu miterere y'umunyu uri munsi y'ubutaka. Gukura dioxyde de carbone mu kirere byagiye bigorana kandi bikaba bihenze, nk'uko abivuga. Bityo rero ni ingirakamaro guhindura CO2 mo ibintu bishobora gukoreshwa nka formate. Ikiguzi cy'umusaruro gishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'umusaruro.
Hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe ku gufata dioxyde de carbone mu kirere. Urugero, itsinda ry’abahanga muri Kaminuza ya Lehigh riherutse gusobanura ubundi buryo bwo kuyungurura dioxyde de carbone mu kirere no kuyihinduramo soda yo guteka. Andi matsinda y’ubushakashatsi arimo kubika CO2 mu mabuye yihariye, akayihinduramo karubone ikomeye ishobora gutunganywamo ethanol, lisansi ikomoka kuri alcool. Inyinshi muri iyi mishinga ni mito kandi ntabwo igira ingaruka zikomeye ku kugabanya urugero rwinshi rwa dioxyde de carbone mu kirere.
Iyi shusho igaragaza inzu ikoresha dioxyde de carbone. Igikoresho kigaragara hano gihindura dioxyde de carbone (molecules ziri mu dupira dutukura n'umweru) mo umunyu witwa forate (udupira tw'ubururu, umutuku, umweru n'umukara). Uyu munyu ushobora gukoreshwa mu cyuma gitanga lisansi kugira ngo utange amashanyarazi.
Kazemifar yavuze ko amahitamo yacu meza ari “kubanza kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.” Uburyo bumwe bwo kubikora ni ugusimbuza ibikomoka kuri peteroli ibikomoka kuri peteroli ingufu zikomoka ku bimera n’izikomoka ku bimera nk’umuyaga cyangwa izuba. Ibi ni bimwe mu bigize gahunda abahanga mu bya siyansi bita “gukuraho karuboni.” Ariko yongeyeho ko guhagarika imihindagurikire y’ikirere bizasaba uburyo butandukanye. Ubu buryo bushya burakenewe kugira ngo hafatwe karuboni mu bice bigoye gukuramo karuboni, nk’uko yabivuze. Fata inganda z’ibyuma n’izikora sima, kugira ngo utange ingero ebyiri.
Itsinda rya MIT ribona kandi inyungu mu guhuza ikoranabuhanga ryabo rishya n'ingufu z'izuba n'iz'umuyaga. Bateri gakondo zagenewe kubika ingufu mu gihe cy'ibyumweru byinshi. Kubika izuba ry'impeshyi mu gihe cy'itumba cyangwa igihe kirekire bisaba uburyo butandukanye. Lee yagize ati: “Hamwe n'amavuta ya formate, ntukibagiwe no kubika ibikoresho mu gihe cy'umwaka gusa. Bishobora kuba ibyo mu bisekuruza.”
Bishobora kuba bitarabagirana nk'izahabu, ariko Lee yagize ati: “Nshobora gusigira toni 200… za formate abahungu banjye n'abakobwa banjye,” “nk'umurage.”
Alkali: Inyito isobanura ikintu kigize imyuka ikora ioni za hydroxide (OH-) mu gisubizo. Ibi bisubizo kandi byitwa alkali (bitandukanye n'aside) kandi bifite pH irenga 7.
Aquifer: Ibuye rishobora kubika ibigega by'amazi biri munsi y'ubutaka. Iri jambo rinakoreshwa no ku bibaya biri munsi y'ubutaka.
Basalt: Ibuye ry'umukara ry'ikirunga rikunze kuba rinini cyane (keretse niba ikirunga cyarasizemo umwuka mwinshi).
isano: (muri chimie) isano ihoraho hagati ya atome (cyangwa amatsinda ya atome) muri molekyuli. Ikorwa n'imbaraga zikurura hagati ya atome zigize. Iyo imigozi imaze gukorwa, atome zikora nk'igice kimwe. Kugira ngo atome zigize zitandukane, ingufu mu buryo bw'ubushyuhe cyangwa indi mirasire zigomba gutangwa kuri molekyuli.
Karuboni: Ikintu cya shimi ari cyo shingiro ry’ubuzima bwose ku Isi. Karuboni ibaho mu buryo bwa grafiti na diyama. Ni igice cy’ingenzi cya makara, limestone, na peteroli, kandi ishobora kwihuza mu buryo bwa shimi kugira ngo ikore ubwoko bwinshi bw’ibintu bifite agaciro ka shimi, ibinyabuzima, n’ubucuruzi. (Mu bushakashatsi ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere) Ijambo karuboni rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa hafi ya ryose hamwe na dioxyde de carbone mu rwego rwo kuvuga ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’igikorwa, umusaruro, politiki, cyangwa inzira ku bushyuhe bw’ikirere mu gihe kirekire.
Diyozede ya karuboni: (cyangwa CO2) ni umwuka utagira ibara kandi udafite impumuro ukorwa n'inyamaswa zose iyo umwuka wa ogisijeni zihumeka uhuye n'ibiryo bikungahaye kuri karuboni zirya. Diyozede ya karuboni irekurwa kandi iyo ibintu bikomoka ku bimera, harimo n'ibikomoka ku bimera nka peteroli cyangwa gaze karemano, bitwitswe. Diyozede ya karuboni ni umwuka uhumanya ikirere ufata ubushyuhe mu kirere cy'Isi. Ibimera bihindura diyozede ya karuboni mo ogisijeni binyuze muri fotositeyine kandi bigakoresha ubu buryo mu gukora ibiryo byabyo.
Sima: Igikoresho gifata ibintu bibiri hamwe, bigatuma bikomera bikaba ikintu gikomeye, cyangwa kole nini ifata ibintu bibiri hamwe. (Ubwubatsi) Igikoresho gikozwe neza gikoreshwa mu gufatanya umucanga cyangwa amabuye yasheshwe kugira ngo habe sima. Sima ikunze gukorwa nk'ifu. Ariko iyo imaze gutose, ihinduka nk'urusenda rw'ibyondo rukomera iyo rwumye.
Indangagaciro: Ikintu kigizwe na atome ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi zihujwe (zifatanye) mu buryo buhamye n'imiterere. Urugero, amazi ni ikintu kigizwe na atome ebyiri za hydrogen zifatanye na atome imwe ya ogisijeni. Formula yayo ya shimi ni H2O. "Indangagaciro" ishobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'inyito yo gusobanura imiterere y'ikintu gikomoka ku mikorere itandukanye hagati y'ibintu bitandukanye.
Ubufatanye bwa shimi: Imbaraga zo gukurura hagati ya atome zikomeye bihagije kugira ngo zitume ibintu bifatanye bikora nk'igice kimwe. Hari ibintu bikurura abantu biba ari bike, ibindi birakomeye. Ubufatanye bwose busa n'aho buhuza atome binyuze mu gusangira (cyangwa kugerageza gusangira) electrons.
Uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bwa chimique: Ni uguhindura imiterere y’ibintu mu buryo bwa chemical aho guhindura imiterere y’ibintu (urugero: kuva ku bintu bikomeye bijya ku mwuka).
Ubutabire: ishami rya siyansi ryiga imiterere, imiterere, imiterere, n'imikoranire y'ibintu. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresha ubu bumenyi mu kwiga ibintu bitamenyerewe, kongeramo ibintu by'ingirakamaro mu bwinshi, cyangwa gushushanya no guhanga ibintu bishya by'ingirakamaro. (by'ibinyabutabire) Ubutabire kandi buvuga formula y'ikintu, uburyo gitegurwamo, cyangwa imwe mu miterere yacyo. Abantu bakora muri uru rwego bitwa abahanga mu bya chimie. (mu bumenyi bw'imibereho) ubushobozi bw'abantu bwo gukorana, kubana neza, no kwishimira kubana.
Impinduka mu mihindagurikire y'ikirere: Impinduka ikomeye kandi y'igihe kirekire mu mihindagurikire y'ikirere ku Isi. Ibi bishobora kubaho mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa bigaterwa n'ibikorwa bya muntu, harimo gutwika ibicanwa no gutema amashyamba.
Gukuraho karuboni: bivuga guhindura nkana ikoranabuhanga, ibikorwa, n'ingufu bihumanya bisohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere ishingiye kuri karuboni, nka dioxyde de carbone na methane, mu kirere. Intego ni ukugabanya ingano y'imyuka ihumanya ikirere igira uruhare mu mihindagurikire y'ikirere.
Amashanyarazi: Urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi, akenshi ruturuka ku rujya n'uruza rw'uduce duto dufite ingufu nke twitwa electrons.
Electron: agace gafite ingufu nke gakunze kuzenguruka agace k'inyuma ka atome; ni nako gatwara amashanyarazi mu bintu bikomeye.
Injeniyeri: Umuntu ukoresha siyansi n'imibare mu gukemura ibibazo. Iyo ijambo injeniyeri rikoreshwa nk'inshinga, risobanura gushushanya igikoresho, ibikoresho, cyangwa inzira yo gukemura ikibazo cyangwa ikibazo kidakemutse.
Ethanol: Alcool, yitwa kandi ethyl alcohol, ikaba ari yo shingiro ry'ibinyobwa bisindisha nka byeri, divayi, n'ibindi binyobwa bikaze. Ikoreshwa kandi nk'umusemburo n'amavuta (urugero, akenshi bivanze na lisansi).
Akayunguruzo: (n.) Ikintu gituma ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe binyura n'ibindi binyura, bitewe n'ingano yabyo cyangwa ibindi biranga. (v.) Uburyo bwo guhitamo ibintu bimwe na bimwe hashingiwe ku miterere nk'ingano, ubucucike, ingufu, nibindi. (muri fiziki) Akadomo, icyuma, cyangwa urwego rw'ikintu gifata urumuri cyangwa indi mirasire cyangwa kikabuza bimwe mu bice byacyo kunyura.
Formate: Ijambo rusange risobanura umunyu cyangwa esters bya aside formike, ubwoko bwa aside irike ya oxidized. (Ester ni ikintu gishingiye kuri karuboni gikorwa binyuze mu gusimbuza atome za hydrogen za aside zimwe na zimwe n'ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'amatsinda y'ibinyabuzima. Ibinure byinshi n'amavuta y'ingenzi ni esters za aside irike zisanzwe.)
Ibikomoka ku bisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima: Ibikomoka ku bisigazwa ibyo ari byo byose, nk'amakara, peteroli (amavuta y'ibikomoka ku bimera), cyangwa gazi karemano, byakozwe mu myaka ya za miriyoni mu Isi bivuye ku bisigazwa bya bagiteri, ibimera, cyangwa inyamaswa byangirikaga.
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli: Ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gisohora ingufu binyuze mu buryo bugenzurwa bwa shimi cyangwa bwa kirimbuzi. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli (amakara, gazi karemano, na peteroli) ni ibikomoka kuri peteroli bisanzwe bisohora ingufu binyuze mu buryo bwa shimi iyo bishyushye (ubusanzwe kugeza aho bitwikiye).
Seli ya lisansi: Igikoresho gihindura ingufu za shimi mo ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Ingufu zikunze gukoreshwa cyane ni hydrogen, umusaruro wonyine ukomoka kuri iyo mashini ni umwuka w'amazi.
Jewoloji: Inyito isobanura buri kintu cyose kijyanye n'imiterere y'Isi, ibikoresho byayo, amateka yayo, n'imikorere yayo. Abantu bakora muri uru rwego bitwa abahanga mu by'ubutaka.
Ubushyuhe bw'isi: Kwiyongera buhoro buhoro k'ubushyuhe bw'ikirere cy'Isi bitewe n'ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bukabije. Ingaruka ziterwa no kwiyongera k'umusemburo wa karuboni, chlorofluorocarbons, n'indi myuka mu kirere, myinshi muri yo iva mu bikorwa bya muntu.
Hydrogen: Ikintu cyoroheje cyane mu isanzure. Nk'umwuka, nta ibara, nta mpumuro, kandi kirashya cyane. Ni igice cy'ibicanwa byinshi, ibinure, n'ibinyabutabire bigize ingirabuzimafatizo. Igizwe na protoni (nucleus) na electron iyizenguruka.
Udushya: (v. guhanga udushya; adj. guhanga udushya) Guhindura cyangwa kunoza igitekerezo, inzira, cyangwa ibicuruzwa bihari kugira ngo bibe bishya, by’ubwenge, bikora neza, cyangwa bifite akamaro kanini.
Lye: Izina rusange ry'umuti wa sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Lye ikunze kuvangwa n'amavuta y'imboga cyangwa amavuta y'inyamaswa n'ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo ikore isabune y'ibinini.
Umuhanga mu by'ibikoresho: Umushakashatsi wiga isano iri hagati y'imiterere ya atome na molekile y'ikintu n'imiterere yacyo muri rusange. Abahanga mu by'ibikoresho bashobora gukora ibikoresho bishya cyangwa bagasesengura ibisanzwe. Gusesengura imiterere rusange y'ikintu, nko kuba gifite ubucucike, imbaraga, n'aho gishongesha, bishobora gufasha injeniyeri n'abandi bashakashatsi guhitamo ibikoresho byiza byo gukoresha mu buryo bushya.
Molekuli: Itsinda ry'atomu zidafite aho zibogamiye mu by'amashanyarazi zigaragaza ingano ntoya ishoboka y'ikintu cy'ubutabire. Molekuli zishobora kugizwe n'ubwoko bumwe bwa atomu cyangwa ubwoko butandukanye bwa atomu. Urugero, ogisijeni iri mu kirere igizwe na atomu ebyiri za ogisijeni (O2), naho amazi agizwe na atomu ebyiri za hydrogen na atomu imwe ya ogisijeni (H2O).
Umwandu: Ni ikintu cyanduza ikintu runaka, nk'umwuka, amazi, abantu, cyangwa ibiryo. Hari imyanda imwe n'imwe ni imiti, nk'imiti yica udukoko. Indi myanda ishobora kuba imirasire, harimo ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa urumuri. Ndetse n'ibyatsi bibi n'ibindi bimera bishobora gufatwa nk'ubwoko bw'ibimera bihumanya.
Ingufu: Inyito yerekeza ku kintu gikomeye cyane cyangwa gikomeye (nk'umugera, uburozi, umuti, cyangwa aside).
Ivugururwa: Inyito ivuga ku mutungo ushobora gusimburwa ubuziraherezo (nk'amazi, ibimera bibisi, urumuri rw'izuba, n'umuyaga). Ibi bitandukanye n'umutungo udasubira, ufite ingano nke kandi ushobora kugabanuka neza. Umutungo udasubira urimo peteroli (n'ibindi bikomoka kuri peteroli) cyangwa ibintu bidasanzwe n'amabuye y'agaciro.