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Inkubi y'umukungugu ibangamira cyane ibihugu byinshi ku isi bitewe n'ingaruka zayo ku buhinzi, ubuzima bw'abantu, ubwikorezi n'ibikorwa remezo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, isuri y'umuyaga ifatwa nk'ikibazo ku isi yose. Bumwe mu buryo butangiza ibidukikije bwo gukumira isuri y'umuyaga ni ugukoresha imvura ya mikorobe iterwa na karubone (MICP). Ariko, umusaruro wa MICP ishingiye ku kwangirika kwa urea, nka ammonia, ntabwo ari mwiza iyo ikorwa ku bwinshi. Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza ubwoko bubiri bwa bagiteri za calcium formate zo kwangiza MICP zidakora urea kandi bugereranya neza imikorere yazo n'ubwoko bubiri bwa bagiteri za calcium acetate zidakora ammonia. Bagiteri zasuzumwe ni Bacillus subtilis na Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Ubwa mbere, hamenyekanye agaciro k'ibintu bigenzura ikorwa rya CaCO3. Hanyuma hapimwa ibizamini by'imiyoboro y'umuyaga ku bipimo by'umucanga byavuwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwabugenewe, maze harebwa uburyo umuyaga urwanya isuri, umuvuduko wo gukuraho urwego, no kurwanya ibisasu by'umucanga. Alomorphe za kalisiyumu karubone (CaCO3) zasuzumwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi y'amaso, mikorosikopi y'amashanyarazi yo gupima (SEM), n'isesengura rya X-ray diffraction. Ibigize foromate ya kalisiyumu byakoze neza cyane kurusha ibikoresho bishingiye kuri acetate mu bijyanye no gukora kalisiyumu karubone. Byongeye kandi, B. subtilis yakoze kalisiyumu karubone nyinshi kurusha B. amyloliquefaciens. Mikorosikopi za SEM zerekanye neza uburyo bagiteri zikora n'izidakora kuri kalisiyumu karubone ziterwa no gusenyuka. Ibigize byose byagabanyije cyane isuri y'umuyaga.
Isuri y'umuyaga imaze igihe kinini izwiho kuba ikibazo gikomeye gihangayikishije uturere tw’umusenyi n’utwo mu nkengero z’uburengerazuba bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Uburengerazuba bw’Ubushinwa, Afurika ya Sahara, n’igice kinini cy’Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati1. Imvura nke mu turere tw’umusenyi n’utwo mu kirere cy’umusenyi yahinduye ibice byinshi by’utwo turere ubutayu, imicanga, n’ubutaka butari buhingwa. Isuri y’umuyaga ikomeje guteza ibibazo ku bidukikije nk’imiyoboro y’ubwikorezi, ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi, n’ubutaka bw’inganda, bigatuma imibereho mibi igabanuka ndetse n’ibiciro by’iterambere ry’imijyi muri utwo turere2,3,4. Icy’ingenzi ni uko isuri y’umuyaga igira ingaruka ku hantu ibera gusa, ahubwo inateza ibibazo by’ubuzima n’ubukungu mu duce twa kure kuko itwara uduce tw’umuyaga mu turere turi kure y’isoko5,6.
Kurwanya isuri y'umuyaga biracyari ikibazo ku isi yose. Uburyo butandukanye bwo kubungabunga ubutaka bukoreshwa mu kurwanya isuri y'umuyaga. Ubu buryo burimo ibikoresho nko gukoresha amazi7, ifumbire y'amavuta8, biopolymers5, ifumbire y'imikorobe iterwa na karubone (MICP)9,10,11,12 n'ifumbire y'imikorobe iterwa na karubone (EICP)1. Gutoseza ubutaka ni uburyo busanzwe bwo gukumira ivumbi mu murima. Ariko, ifumbire y'umukungugu mu murima ihita ituma ubu buryo butagira ingaruka nziza mu turere twumye n'utworoshye 1. Gukoresha ifumbire y'imikorobe yongera umucanga n'ubushyamirane hagati y'uduce. Imiterere yabyo ihuza ibinyampeke by'umucanga; icyakora, ifumbire y'imikorobe nayo itera ibindi bibazo; ibara ryayo ryijimye ryongera ubushyuhe bushobora gutuma ibimera n'udukoko duto bipfa. Impumuro yabyo n'imyotsi bishobora gutera ibibazo byo guhumeka, kandi cyane cyane, ikiguzi cyabyo kinini ni indi mbogamizi. Biopolymers ni bumwe mu buryo buherutse gutangwa bwo kugabanya isuri y'umuyaga; bikurwa mu bimera karemano nk'ibimera, inyamaswa na bagiteri. Xanthan gum, guar gum, chitosan na gellan gum ni biopolymers zikoreshwa cyane mu buhanga5. Ariko, biopolymers zishobora gushonga mu mazi zishobora gutakaza imbaraga no kuva mu butaka iyo zihuye n'amazi13,14. EICP yagaragaye ko ari uburyo bwiza bwo gukumira ivumbi mu bikorwa bitandukanye birimo imihanda idakozwe mu kaburimbo, ibidendezi by'amazi n'ahantu ho kubaka. Nubwo ibisubizo byayo bishimishije, hari ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bishobora kugaragara bigomba kwitabwaho, nko kugabanuka kw'ibiciro no kubura ahantu hanini ho guteranya ibintu (bituma imvura yihuta mu iremwa no kugwa kwa CaCO3 crystals15,16).
MICP yasobanuwe bwa mbere mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 na Murray na Irwin (1890) na Steinmann (1901) mu bushakashatsi bwabo ku kwangirika kwa urea n'udukoko two mu mazi17. MICP ni inzira y'ibinyabuzima isanzwe ikora igizwe n'ibikorwa bitandukanye bya mikorobe n'imiti aho karubone ya karubone iterwa n'uburyo iyoni za karubone ziva muri metabolites za mikorobe hamwe na iyoni za karubone mu bidukikije18,19. MICP igizwe n'uruziga rwa azote rutemba urea (MICP itemba urea) ni bwo bwoko bukunze kugaragara cyane bw'imvura ya karubone iterwa na mikorobe, aho urease ikorwa na bagiteri itera imbaraga mu gutobora urea20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27 ku buryo bukurikira:
Muri MICP ijyanye n'uruhererekane rwa karuboni rw'umunyu w'umwimerere (MICP idafite ubwoko bwa urea degradation), bagiteri za heterotrophic zikoresha imyunyu y'umwimerere nka acetate, lactate, citrate, succinate, oxalate, malate na glyoxylate nk'isoko y'ingufu kugira ngo zikore imyunyu ngugu ya karuboni28. Iyo habayeho lactate ya karuboni nk'isoko ya karuboni na iyoni za karuboni, uburyo imiterere ya karuboni ikorwamo bugaragara muri equation (5).
Muri gahunda ya MICP, uturemangingo twa bagiteri dutanga ahantu hanini hatuma karubone ya karubone igwa; ubuso bw'uturemangingo twa bagiteri buba bufite ingufu nke kandi bushobora gukora nk'aho butuma karubone ivanze nka karubone. Mu gushyira iyoni za karubone ku turemangingo twa bagiteri, iyo ingano ya iyoni ya karubone ihagije, karubone ya karubone n'ayini za karubone bikora neza maze karubone ya karubone ikaza ku buso bwa bagiteri29,30. Uburyo bushobora gusobanurwa muri ubu buryo bukurikira31,32:
Uduce duto twa kalisiyumu karubone dukomoka ku binyabuzima dushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: calcite, vaterite, na aragonite. Muri two, calcite na vaterite ni zo allomorphe za kalisiyumu karubone zikunze guterwa na bagiteri33,34. Kalisiyumu ni yo allomorphe ya kalisiyumu karubone ihamye cyane mu bushyuhe35. Nubwo byavuzwe ko vaterite ishobora guhinduka calcite36,37. Vaterite ni yo kristu nini cyane muri izi. Ni kristu ifite uburebure bwa hexagonal ifite ubushobozi bwo kuzuza imyenge kurusha izindi kristu za kalisiyumu karubone kubera ingano yayo nini38. MICP yangiritse ya urea na urea ishobora gutuma vaterite13,39,40,41 igwa.
Nubwo MICP yagaragaje ubushobozi bwiza mu kugabanya ibibazo by’ubutaka n’ubutaka bushobora kwibasirwa n’isuri y’umuyaga42,43,44,45,46,47,48, kimwe mu bikomoka kuri urea hydrolysis ni ammonia, ishobora gutera ibibazo byoroheje kugeza ku bikomeye by’ubuzima bitewe n’urwego rw’ihungabana49. Iyi ngaruka mbi ituma ikoreshwa ry’ubu buryo bwihariye ritavugwaho rumwe, cyane cyane iyo ahantu hanini hakenewe kuvurwa, nko mu kugabanya ivumbi. Byongeye kandi, impumuro ya ammonia ntishobora kwihanganirwa iyo igikorwa gikozwe ku gipimo cyo hejuru n’ingano nini, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ikoreshwa ryayo mu buryo bufatika. Nubwo ubushakashatsi buherutse bwerekanye ko ammonia ions zishobora kugabanuka mu kuzihinduramo ibindi bicuruzwa nka struvite, ubu buryo ntibukuraho burundu ammonia ions50. Kubwibyo, haracyakenewe gushakisha ubundi buryo butatanga ammonia ions. Gukoresha inzira zitari urea zo kwangirika kwa MICP bishobora gutanga igisubizo gishobora kuba kitarasuzumwa neza mu rwego rwo kugabanya isuri y’umuyaga. Fattahi et al. basuzumye iyangirika rya MICP ridafite urea bakoresheje acetate ya kalisiyumu na Bacillus megaterium41, mu gihe Mohebbi n'abandi bakoresheje acetate ya kalisiyumu na Bacillus amyloliquefaciens9. Ariko, ubushakashatsi bwabo ntibwagereranyijwe n'izindi soko za kalisiyumu na bagiteri za heterotrophic zishobora kongera ubudahangarwa bw'isuri mu muyaga. Hari kandi ibura ry'inyandiko zigereranya inzira zangirika zidafite urea n'inzira zangirika za urea mu kugabanya isuri mu muyaga.
Byongeye kandi, inyigo nyinshi zo kurwanya isuri n'ivumbi byakozwe ku butaka bufite ubuso burambuye.1,51,52,53 Ariko, ubuso burambuye ntibukunze kugaragara cyane nk'imisozi n'ibihanamanga. Niyo mpamvu imirambi y'umucanga ari yo ikunze kugaragara cyane mu turere tw'ubutayu.
Kugira ngo dutsinde inenge zavuzwe haruguru, ubu bushakashatsi bwari bugamije gutangiza ubwoko bushya bw'udukoko twa bagiteri tudakora ammonia. Muri urwo rwego, twatekereje ku nzira za MICP zitarimo urea zangiza. Hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku mikorere y'isoko ebyiri za kalisiyumu (calcium formate na calcium acetate). Uko abanditsi babizi, imvura ya karubone hakoreshejwe imvange ebyiri za kalisiyumu na bagiteri (ni ukuvuga calcium formate-Bacillus subtilis na calcium formate-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) ntibyigeze bikorwa mu bushakashatsi bwabanje. Guhitamo izi bagiteri kwashingiye ku misemburo zikora itera ogisijeni ya kalisiyumu na acetate ya kalisiyumu kugira ngo habeho imvura ya karubone ya mikorobe. Twakoze ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kugira ngo tubone ibintu byiza nka pH, ubwoko bwa bagiteri na kalisiyumu hamwe n'ingano yazo, ikigereranyo cya bagiteri ku gisubizo cya kalisiyumu n'igihe cyo kuyivura. Amaherezo, uburyo uru ruhererekane rw'ibiyobyabwenge bya bagiteri mu gukumira isuri y'umuyaga binyuze mu imvura ya kalisiyumu karubone byakorewe ubushakashatsi hakorwa ibizamini by'imiyoboro y'umuyaga ku misozi y'umucanga kugira ngo hamenyekane ingano y'isuri y'umuyaga, umuvuduko w'umucanga ucikamo ibice n'ubudahangarwa bw'umuyaga, kandi hakozwe ibipimo bya penetrometero n'inyigo z'imiterere y'imibumbe (urugero: isesengura rya X-ray diffraction (XRD) na scanning electron microscopy (SEM)).
Gutunganya karubone ya kalisiyumu bisaba iyoni za kalisiyumu na iyoni za karubone. Iyoni za kalisiyumu zishobora kuboneka mu masoko atandukanye ya kalisiyumu nka kalisiyumu kloride, kalisiyumu hidroksidi, na ifu y'amata ya skim54,55. Iyoni za karubone zishobora kuboneka hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwa mikorobe nka urea hydrolysis na aerobic cyangwa anaerobic oxidation y'ibintu binyabuzima56. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, iyoni za karubone zabonetse mu buryo bwa oxidation bwa formate na acetate. Byongeye kandi, twakoresheje umunyu wa kalisiyumu wa formate na acetate kugira ngo dukore karubone ya kalisiyumu yonyine, bityo CO2 na H2O gusa ni byo byabonetse nk'ibikomoka kuri kalisiyumu. Muri ubu buryo, ikintu kimwe gusa ni cyo gikorera nk'isoko ya kalisiyumu n'isoko ya karubone, kandi nta ammonia ikorwa. Ibi bintu bituma uburyo bwo gukora isoko ya kalisiyumu na karubone twatekereje ko ari bwiza cyane.
Uburyo calcium formate na calcium acetate bihura nabyo mu gukora calcium carbonate bigaragazwa muri formula (7)-(14). Formula (7)-(11) zigaragaza ko calcium formate ishonga mu mazi igakora formula aside cyangwa formula. Bityo, umuti ni isoko y’iyoni za calcium na hydroxide (formula 8 na 9). Kubera oxidation ya aside formic, atome za karuboni muri aside formic zihinduka dioxyde de carbone (formula 10). Karubone de carbone irakorwa (formula 11 na 12).
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, karubone ya kalisiyumu ikorwa muri acetate ya kalisiyumu (ibigereranyo 13–15), uretse ko aside asetiki cyangwa acetate bibaho aho kuba aside formike.
Hatabayeho enzymes, acetate na formate ntibishobora gukurwamo oxidation ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. FDH (formate dehydrogenase) na CoA (coenzyme A) bitera oxidation ya formate na acetate kugira ngo bikore dioxyde de carbone, uko bikurikirana (Eqs. 16, 17) 57, 58, 59. Bagiteri zitandukanye zishobora gukora izi enzymes, kandi bagiteri za heterotrophic, arizo Bacillus subtilis (PTCC #1204 (Persian Type Culture Collection), izwi kandi nka NCIMB #13061 (International Collection of Bagiteri, Umusemburo, Phage, Plasmids, Imbuto z'Ibimera n'Imiterere y'Ibimera)) na Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (PTCC #1732, NCIMB #12077), byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi. Izi bagiteri zatewe mu buryo burimo peptone y'inyama (5 g/L) n'inyama zikomoka kuri (3 g/L), byitwa umutobe w'intungamubiri (NBR) (105443 Merck).
Bityo, hateguwe uburyo bune bwo gutera imvura ya kalisiyumu hakoreshejwe amasoko abiri ya kalisiyumu na bagiteri ebyiri: kalisiyumu formate na Bacillus subtilis (FS), kalisiyumu formate na Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FA), kalisiyumu acetate na Bacillus subtilis (AS), na kalisiyumu acetate na Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (AA).
Mu gice cya mbere cy’igishushanyo mbonera cy’igerageza, hakozwe ibizamini kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza imiterere ya karubone ya karubone. Kubera ko ingero z’ubutaka zari zirimo karubone ya karubone, hakozwe ibizamini by’ibanze byo gusuzuma kugira ngo hapimwe neza CaCO3 ikorwa n’ibivange bitandukanye, kandi hasuzumwe uruvange rw’ibisubizo by’ubuhinzi n’ibisubizo by’isoko ya karubone. Kuri buri ruvange rw’ibisubizo by’isoko ya karubone n’ibisubizo bya bagiteri byavuzwe haruguru (FS, FA, AS, na AA), ibintu byo kunoza (ubwinshi bw’isoko ya karubone, igihe cyo kuyivura, ubwinshi bw’ibisubizo bya bagiteri bipimwa n’ubucucike bw’umuti (OD), ikigereranyo cy’ibisubizo by’isoko ya karubone n’ibisubizo bya bagiteri, na pH) byakuwemo kandi bikoreshwa mu igerageza ry’imiyoboro y’umuyaga mu musenyi ryasobanuwe mu bice bikurikira.
Kuri buri mvange, hakozwe igerageza 150 kugira ngo higwe ingaruka z'imvura ya CaCO3 no gusuzuma ibintu bitandukanye, harimo ubwinshi bw'isoko ya kalisiyumu, igihe cyo kuyivura, agaciro ka bagiteri OD, igipimo cya kalisiyumu ku gisubizo cya bagiteri na pH mu gihe cyo kuyisiga mu buryo bw'umwuka (Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Igipimo cya pH cyo kunoza inzira cyatoranijwe hashingiwe ku miterere y'ikura rya Bacillus subtilis na Bacillus amyloliquefaciens kugira ngo haboneke ikura ryihuse. Ibi bisobanurwa birambuye mu gice cy'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi.
Intambwe zikurikira zakoreshejwe mu gutegura ingero zo gukoresha mu cyiciro cyo gukora neza. Umuti wa MICP wabanje gutegurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa pH bw'ibanze bw'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amazi hanyuma ushyirwa kuri 121 °C mu gihe cy'iminota 15. Hanyuma ubwoko bwatewe mu mwuka wa laminar bukomeza gukoreshwa mu cyuma gishyushya kuri 30 °C na 180 rpm. Iyo OD ya bagiteri igeze ku rwego rwifuzwaga, yavanzwe n'umuti wa calcium mu rugero rwifuzwaga (Ishusho ya 1a). Umuti wa MICP wemerewe gukora no gukomera mu cyuma gishyushya kuri 220 rpm na 30 °C mu gihe cyageze ku gaciro kari gateganyijwe. CaCO3 yavuyemo yatandukanyijwe nyuma yo gukwirakwiza kuri 6000 g mu gihe cy'iminota 5 hanyuma yumishwa kuri 40 °C kugira ngo hategurwe ingero zo gupima calcimeter (Ishusho ya 1b). Hanyuma, CaCO3 yapimwe hakoreshejwe calcium ya Bernard, aho ifu ya CaCO3 ihura na 1.0 N HCl (ASTM-D4373-02) kugira ngo ikore CO2, kandi ingano y'iyi gaze ni igipimo cy'ingano ya CaCO3 (Ishusho ya 1c). Kugira ngo hahindurwe ingano ya CO2 muri CaCO3, hakozwe umuyoboro wo gupima hakoreshejwe koza ifu ya CaCO3 yuzuye hamwe na 1 N HCl hanyuma ikayishushanya ikoresheje CO2 yahindutse. Imiterere n'ubuziranenge bw'ifu ya CaCO3 yavumbuwe byasuzumwe hakoreshejwe SEM imaging na XRD analysis. Mikorosikopi y'urumuri ifite ubwinshi bwa 1000 yakoreshejwe mu kwiga ikorwa rya kalisiyumu karubone hafi ya bagiteri, icyiciro cya kalisiyumu karubone yakozwe, n'imikorere ya bagiteri.
Ikibaya cya Dejegh ni agace kazwi cyane gafite imyuka myinshi mu ntara ya Fars yo mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Irani, kandi abashakashatsi bakusanyije ingero z'ubutaka bwangijwe n'umuyaga muri ako gace. Ingero zafashwe mu butaka kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu bushakashatsi. Ibizamini by'ibipimo ku butaka byagaragaje ko ubutaka bwari butarimo ubutaka bw'umucanga bufite ivu kandi bwashyizwe mu byiciro bya SP-SM hakurikijwe Sisitemu yo Gutandukanya Ubutaka (USC) (Ishusho ya 2a). Isesengura rya XRD ryagaragaje ko ubutaka bwa Dejegh bwari bugizwe ahanini na calcite na quartz (Ishusho ya 2b). Byongeye kandi, isesengura rya EDX ryagaragaje ko hari n'ibindi bintu nka Al, K, na Fe mu rugero ruto.
Kugira ngo hategurwe imitumba yo muri laboratwari kugira ngo hakoreshwe isuzuma ry’isuri ry’umuyaga, ubutaka bwashenywe kuva kuri mm 170 bunyuze mu muyoboro wa mm 10 w’umurambararo bujya ku buso bukomeye, bituma imitumba isanzwe ifite uburebure bwa mm 60 na mm 210 z’umurambararo. Mu buryo busanzwe, imitumba y’umucanga ifite ubucucike buke cyane ikorwa n’imikorere ya aeolian. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, icyitegererezo cyateguwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru cyari gifite ubucucike buke cyane, γ = 14.14 kN/m³, kigakora agace k’umucanga kashyizwe ku buso butambitse bufite inguni yo kuruhuka ya hafi 29.7°.
Umuti mwiza wa MICP wabonetse mu gice cyabanje wasutswe ku nkengero z'umucanga ku gipimo cya 1, 2 na 3 lm-2 hanyuma ingero zibikwa mu cyuma gikonjesha kuri 30 °C (Ishusho ya 3) mu gihe cy'iminsi 9 (ni ukuvuga igihe cyiza cyo gukaraba) hanyuma zigashyirwa hanze kugira ngo zipimwe mu miyoboro y'umuyaga.
Kuri buri gikorwa cyo kuvura, hateguwe ingero enye, imwe yo gupima ingano ya karubone karubone n'uburemere bw'ubuso hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima ubushyuhe, naho izindi eshatu zisigaye zakoreshejwe mu gupima isuri ku muvuduko utatu utandukanye. Mu igeragezwa rya tunnel y'umuyaga, ingano y'isuri yagenwe ku muvuduko utandukanye w'umuyaga, hanyuma umuvuduko wo gucika kuri buri ngero yo kuvura ugenwa hakoreshejwe igishushanyo cy'ingano y'isuri ugereranije n'umuvuduko w'umuyaga. Uretse ibizamini bya suri y'umuyaga, ingero zavuwe zakoreweho ubushakashatsi bwo gusimbuka (ni ukuvuga gusimbuka). Izindi ngero ebyiri zateguwe kuri iyi ntego ku gipimo cya 2 na 3 L m−2. Ikizamini cyo gusimbuka umucanga cyamaze iminota 15 gifite flux ya 120 gm−1, iri mu rugero rw'agaciro katoranyijwe mu bushakashatsi bwabanje60,61,62. Intera itambitse hagati y'umunwa utera ubushyuhe n'ishingiro ry'umucanga yari 800 mm, iri kuri 100 mm hejuru y'ubutaka bw'umucanga. Iyi myanya yashyizweho ku buryo hafi uduce twose tw'umucanga dusimbuka twaguye ku mucanga.
Ikizamini cy’imiyoboro y’umuyaga cyakorewe mu mwobo w’umuyaga ufunguye ufite uburebure bwa metero 8, ubugari bwa metero 0.4 n’uburebure bwa metero 1 (Ishusho ya 4a). Umuyoboro w’umuyaga ukozwe mu byuma bya galvanised kandi ushobora gutanga umuvuduko w’umuyaga ugera kuri metero 25/s. Byongeye kandi, hakoreshwa icyuma gihindura ubwinshi bw’umuyaga kugira ngo hakosorwe umuvuduko w’umuyaga no kongera buhoro buhoro umuvuduko w’umuyaga kugira ngo haboneke umuvuduko w’umuyaga ugenewe. Ishusho ya 4b yerekana igishushanyo mbonera cy’imitumba y’umucanga yangijwe n’umuyaga hamwe n’umuvuduko w’umuyaga wapimwe mu mwobo w’umuyaga.
Amaherezo, kugira ngo hagereranywe ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa MICP itari urealytic byatanzwe muri ubu bushakashatsi n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa MICP bwo kugenzura urealytic, ingero z'ibice by'umusenyi nazo zateguwe kandi zivurwa n'umuti wa biological urimo urea, calcium chloride na Sporosarcina pasteurii (kubera ko Sporosarcina pasteurii ifite ubushobozi buhambaye bwo gukora urease63). Ubucucike bw'umuti wa bagiteri bwari 1.5, kandi igipimo cya urea na calcium chloride cyari 1 M (byatoranijwe hashingiwe ku gaciro katanzwe mu bushakashatsi bwabanje36,64,65). Uburyo bwo gukusanya bwari bugizwe n'umutobe w'intungamubiri (8 g/L) na urea (20 g/L). Umuti wa bagiteri wasutswe ku buso bw'umusenyi maze usigara amasaha 24 kugira ngo uhuzwe na bagiteri. Nyuma y'amasaha 24 yo gufatisha, umuti wa sima (calcium chloride na urea) wasutswe. Ikizamini cya urealytic MICP cyo kugenzura urealytic kizwi nka UMC. Ingano ya karubone ya kalisiyumu mu butaka bwavuwe hakoreshejwe urealytic na urealytic yabonetse hakoreshejwe gukaraba hakurikijwe uburyo bwatanzwe na Choi et al.66.
Ishusho ya 5 igaragaza imikurire ya Bacillus amyloliquefaciens na Bacillus subtilis mu buryo bw’ubuhinzi (umuti w’intungamubiri) hamwe n’urugero rwa pH rwa 5 kugeza kuri 10. Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens na Bacillus subtilis byakuze vuba kuri pH ya 6-8 na 7-9, uko bikurikirana. Kubwibyo, uru rugero rwa pH rwakoreshejwe mu cyiciro cyo kunoza.
Imiterere y'ikura rya (a) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens na (b) Bacillus subtilis ku gipimo cya pH gitandukanye cy'intungamubiri.
Ishusho ya 6 igaragaza ingano ya dioxyde de carbone ikorwa muri Bernard limemeter, igereranya kalisiyumu karubone (CaCO3) isanzwe. Kubera ko ikintu kimwe cyagenwe muri buri mvange kandi ibindi bintu bikaba bitandukanye, buri ngingo iri kuri izi mbonerahamwe ihuye n'ingano ntarengwa ya dioxyde de carbone muri urwo rutonde rw'igerageza. Nkuko bigaragara ku ishusho, uko ingano ya kalisiyumu yiyongeraga, umusaruro wa kalisiyumu wariyongereye. Kubwibyo, ingano y'isoko ya kalisiyumu igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku ikorwa rya kalisiyumu karubone. Kubera ko isoko ya kalisiyumu n'isoko ya karisiyumu ari bimwe (ni ukuvuga, calcium formate na calcium acetate), uko iyoni za kalisiyumu zirekurwa niko kalisiyumu karubone nyinshi ikorwa (Ishusho ya 6a). Mu miterere ya AS na AA, umusaruro wa kalisiyumu karubone wakomeje kwiyongera uko igihe cyo gukaraba kiyongera kugeza igihe cyo gukaraba kidahinduka nyuma y'iminsi 9. Mu miterere ya FA, igipimo cyo gukaraba kalisiyumu cyaragabanutse iyo igihe cyo gukaraba kirenze iminsi 6. Ugereranije n'izindi miterere, FS yagaragaje igipimo cyo gukaraba kalisiyumu kiri hasi cyane nyuma y'iminsi 3 (Ishusho ya 6b). Mu miterere ya FA na FS, 70% na 87% by'umusaruro wose wa karubone ya kalisiyumu byabonetse nyuma y'iminsi itatu, mu gihe mu miterere ya AA na AS, iki gipimo cyari hafi 46% na 45% gusa, uko bikurikirana. Ibi bigaragaza ko imiterere ishingiye kuri aside formike ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukora CaCO3 mu ntangiriro ugereranije n'imiterere ishingiye kuri acetate. Ariko, igipimo cyo gukora kiragabanuka uko igihe cyo gukira kigenda cyiyongera. Bishobora kwemezwa n'Ishusho ya 6c ko nubwo hari igipimo cya bagiteri kiri hejuru ya OD1, nta ruhare runini ruba mu gukora karubone ya kalisiyumu.
Impinduka mu bunini bwa CO2 (n'ingano ya CaCO3 ijyanye nayo) yapimwe na calcimeter ya Bernard nk'uko bigaragazwa na (a) ubwinshi bw'isoko rya kalisiyumu, (b) igihe cyo gushyiraho, (c) OD, (d) pH y'ibanze, (e) igipimo cy'isoko rya kalisiyumu ku gisubizo cya bagiteri (kuri buri formula); na (f) ingano ntarengwa ya kalisiyumu karubone ikorwa kuri buri ruvange rw'isoko rya kalisiyumu na bagiteri.
Ku bijyanye n'ingaruka za pH ya mbere y'ubuso, Ishusho ya 6d igaragaza ko kuri FA na FS, umusaruro wa CaCO3 wageze ku gaciro ntarengwa kuri pH 7. Ibi bihuye n'ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwerekana ko enzymes za FDH zihamye cyane kuri pH 7-6.7. Ariko, kuri AA na AS, imvura ya CaCO3 yiyongereye iyo pH irenze 7. Ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwagaragaje kandi ko urugero rwa pH rwiza ku bikorwa bya enzymes za CoA ruri hagati ya 8 na 9.2-6.8. Ukurikije ko urugero rwa pH rwiza ku bikorwa bya enzymes za CoA n'ikura rya B. amyloliquefaciens ari (8-9.2) na (6-8), uko bikurikirana (Ishusho ya 5a), pH nziza ya formulaire ya AA yitezweho kuba 8, kandi ubwoko bubiri bwa pH burahurirana. Ibi byemejwe n'igerageza, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6d. Kubera ko pH nziza ku mikurire ya B. subtilis ari 7-9 (Ishusho ya 5b) kandi pH nziza ku mikorere ya enzyme ya CoA ari 8-9.2, umusaruro ntarengwa w’imvura ya CaCO3 witezwe kuba uri hagati ya pH 8-9, byemezwa n’Ishusho ya 6d (ni ukuvuga pH nziza y’imvura ni 9). Ibisubizo bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6e bigaragaza ko igipimo cyiza cy’isoko ya kalisiyumu ku gisubizo cya bagiteri ari 1 ku bisubizo bya acetate na formate. Kugereranya, imikorere y’ibisubizo bitandukanye (ni ukuvuga AA, AS, FA, na FS) yapimwe hashingiwe ku musaruro ntarengwa wa CaCO3 mu bihe bitandukanye (ni ukuvuga, ubwinshi bw’isoko ya kalisiyumu, igihe cyo kuyivura, OD, igipimo cy’isoko ya kalisiyumu ku gisubizo cya bagiteri, na pH y’ibanze). Mu bisubizo byakoreweho ubushakashatsi, FS yari ifite umusaruro mwinshi wa CaCO3, wari hafi inshuro eshatu ugereranyije n’ibyiciro bya AA (Ishusho ya 6f). Hakozwe igerageza rine ryo kugenzura inkomoko ya kalisiyumu ku isoko zombi kandi nta mvura ya CaCO3 yabonetse nyuma y’iminsi 30.
Amashusho ya mikoroskopi y’ingirabuzimafatizo zose yagaragaje ko vaterite ari cyo gice cy’ingenzi cyakozwemo karubone ya karubone (Ishusho ya 7). Uduce twa vaterite twari dufite ishusho y’uruziga69,70,71. Byagaragaye ko karubone ya karubone yateraga ku tunyangingo twa bagiteri kubera ko ubuso bw’utunyangingo twa bagiteri bwari bufite ingufu nke kandi bushobora gukora nk’uburyo bwo kwinjiza cation zivanze. Dufashe formula FS nk'urugero muri ubu bushakashatsi, nyuma y’amasaha 24, karubone ya karubone yatangiye kuremwa ku tunyangingo tumwe na tumwe twa bagiteri (Ishusho ya 7a), kandi nyuma y’amasaha 48, umubare w’utunyangingo twa bagiteri twasizwe na karubone ya karubone wariyongereye cyane. Byongeye kandi, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7b, utuntu twa vaterite na two twashoboraga kugaragara. Amaherezo, nyuma y’amasaha 72, umubare munini wa bagiteri wasaga n’aho uhujwe na karubone ya vaterite, kandi umubare w’utunyangingo twa vaterite wariyongereye cyane (Ishusho ya 7c).
Isuzuma rya mikorosikopu y'amaso ryerekana imvura ya CaCO3 mu binyabutabire bya FS uko igihe kigenda gihita: (a) 24, (b) 48 na (c) amasaha 72.
Kugira ngo hakorwe ubushakashatsi ku miterere y’icyiciro cyavumbuwe, hakozwe isesengura rya X-ray diffraction (XRD) na SEM ku ifu. Ishusho ya XRD (Ishusho ya 8a) na mikorographe za SEM (Ishusho ya 8b, c) byemeje ko hari kristu za vaterite, kuko zari zifite imiterere isa n’iya letisi kandi hagaragaye isano iri hagati y’imisongero ya vaterite n’imisongero yavumbuwe.
(a) Kugereranya spectra ya X-ray diffraction ya CaCO3 yakozwe na vaterite. Mikorografi za SEM za vaterite kuri (b) 1 kHz na (c) 5.27 kHz, uko bikurikirana.
Ibisubizo by’ibizamini by’imiyoboro y’umuyaga bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 9a, b. Bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 9a ko umuvuduko w’isuri (TDV) w’umucanga utavuwe ari hafi 4.32 m/s. Ku gipimo cya 1 l/m² (Ishusho ya 9a), imisozi y’imirongo y’igipimo cyo gutakaza ubutaka ku bice FA, FS, AA na UMC ni kimwe n’iy’umucanga utavuwe. Ibi bigaragaza ko uburyo bwo kuvura kuri iki gipimo cyo gukoresha ntacyo bumaze kandi ko umuvuduko w’umuyaga urenze TDV, igishishwa cy’ubutaka gito kirashira kandi igipimo cyo gukurura ubutaka ku bice gisa n’ikiy’umucanga utavuwe. Ubuso bw’isuri bw’igice AS nabwo buri hasi ugereranije n’ubw’ibindi bice bifite abscissas nke (ni ukuvuga TDV) (Ishusho ya 9a). Utwambi turi ku Ishusho ya 9b tugaragaza ko ku muvuduko ntarengwa w’umuyaga wa 25 m/s, nta isuri yabayeho mu duce twavuwe ku gipimo cya 2 na 3 l/m². Mu yandi magambo, kuri FS, FA, AS na UMC, imirambi yari ihanganye cyane n'isuri y'umuyaga iterwa no gukubitwa kwa CaCO³ ku gipimo cyo gukubitwa cya 2 na 3 l/m² kuruta ku muvuduko ntarengwa w'umuyaga (ni ukuvuga 25 m/s). Bityo, agaciro ka TDV ka 25 m/s kabonetse muri ibi bizamini ni ntarengwa yo hasi ku gipimo cyo gukubitwa kigaragara ku Ishusho ya 9b, uretse urugero rwa AA, aho TDV ingana hafi n'umuvuduko ntarengwa w'umuyaga.
Ikizamini cy'isuri y'umuyaga (a) Kugabanya ibiro ugereranyije n'umuvuduko w'umuyaga (igipimo cyo gukoresha 1 l/m2), (b) Umuvuduko wo gukuraho ingano ugereranyije n'igipimo cyo gukoresha n'uburyo bwo kuyikoresha (CA kuri acetate ya kalisiyumu, CF kuri formate ya kalisiyumu).
Ishusho ya 10 igaragaza ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bw'ibirunga by'umucanga byavuwe hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye n'igipimo cyo gukoresha nyuma y'ikizamini cyo gutera umucanga, kandi ibisubizo by'ingano bigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 11. Ubwinshi bw'ibi bitizwe ntibwagaragaye kuko nta bushyuhe bwagaragaje kandi bwarangiritse burundu (igihombo cy'uburemere bwose) mu gihe cyo gutera umucanga. Biragaragara ku Ishusho ya 11 ko icyitegererezo cyavuwe na biocomposition AA cyatakaje 83.5% by'uburemere bwacyo ku gipimo cya 2 l/m2 mu gihe ibindi bipimo byose byagaragaje ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 30% mu gihe cyo gutera umucanga. Igihe igipimo cyo gutera cyazamuwe kikagera kuri 3 l/m2, ingero zose zavuwe zatakaje munsi ya 25% by'uburemere bwazo. Ku gipimo cyo gutera byombi, FS y'ibinyabutabire yagaragaje ubushyuhe bwiza bwo gutera umucanga. Ubushyuhe bwinshi n'uburemere buke mu bipimo byavuwe na FS na AA bushobora guterwa n'imvura nyinshi n'uburemere buke bwa CaCO3 (Ishusho ya 6f).
Ibisubizo byo guterwa kw'ibisasu ku micanga y'ibice bitandukanye ku muvuduko wa 2 na 3 l / m2 (imyambi igaragaza icyerekezo cy'umuyaga, imipaka igaragaza icyerekezo cy'umuyaga kigororotse ku murongo w'igishushanyo).
Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 12, ingano ya karubone ya kalisiyumu muri formula zose yariyongereye uko igipimo cyo kuyikoresha cyavaga kuri 1 L/m² kikagera kuri 3 L/m². Byongeye kandi, ku gipimo cyose cyo kuyikoresha, formula yari ifite ingano ya karubone ya kalisiyumu nyinshi yari FS, ikurikirwa na FA na UMC. Ibi bigaragaza ko izi formula zishobora kugira ubudahangarwa bwinshi ku buso.
Ishusho ya 13a igaragaza impinduka mu guhangana n'ubuso bw'ibipimo by'ubutaka butavuwe, bugenzurwa kandi bwavuwe byapimwe hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya permeameter. Muri iyi shusho, biragaragara ko guhangana n'ubuso bw'ibipimo bya UMC, AS, FA na FS byiyongereye cyane uko igipimo cyo gukoreshwa cyazamutse. Ariko, kwiyongera kw'imbaraga z'ubuso kwari guke mu buryo bwa AA. Nkuko bigaragara kuri iyi shusho, ibipimo bya FA na FS bya MICP idasenyutse ya urea bifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira neza mu buso ugereranije na MICP yasenyutse ya urea. Ishusho ya 13b igaragaza impinduka muri TDV hamwe no guhangana n'ubuso bw'ubutaka. Muri iyi shusho, biragaragara neza ko ku dusozi dufite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubuso burenga 100 kPa, umuvuduko wo gukuraho urwego uzarenga 25 m/s. Kubera ko guhangana n'ubuso bw'ahantu bishobora gupimwa byoroshye hakoreshejwe permeameter, ubu bumenyi bushobora gufasha gupima TDV mu gihe hatabayeho isuzuma ry'imiyoboro y'umuyaga, bityo bikaba ikimenyetso cyo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ikoreshwa mu murima.
Ibisubizo bya SEM bigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 14. Ishusho ya 14a-b igaragaza uduce twagutse tw’ingero y’ubutaka butavuwe, bigaragaza neza ko bufatanye kandi ko nta mibanire cyangwa sima bifite. Ishusho ya 14c yerekana mikorografi ya SEM y’ingero igenzura yavuwe na MICP yangiritse ya urea. Iyi shusho igaragaza ko CaCO3 ihari nk’uduce twa calcite. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 14d-o, CaCO3 ihujwe ihuza uduce; kristu za vaterite z’umubumbe nazo zishobora kumenyekana muri mikorografi za SEM. Ibisubizo by’ubu bushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi bwabanje bigaragaza ko imigozi ya CaCO3 yakozwe nka vaterite polymorphs ishobora no gutanga imbaraga zikwiye za mekanike; ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko ubukana bw’ubuso bwiyongera bukagera kuri 350 kPa kandi umuvuduko wo gutandukanya urwego wiyongera kuva kuri 4.32 ukagera kuri 25 m/s. Ibi bihuye n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwerekana ko MICP-precipitated CaCO3 ari vaterite, ifite imbaraga zihagije za mekanike kandi irwanya isuri n'umuyaga13,40 kandi ishobora gukomeza kurwanya isuri n'umuyaga nubwo yahura n'ibihe by'isuku mu mirima13 nyuma y'iminsi 180.
(a, b) Mikorografi za SEM z'ubutaka butavuwe, (c) Kugenzura kwangirika kwa urea muri MICP, (df) Ingero zavuwe na AA, (gi) Ingero zavuwe na AS, (jl) Ingero zavuwe na FA, na (mo) Ingero zavuwe na FS ku gipimo cya 3 L/m2 ku buryo butandukanye bwo kongera ingano.
Ishusho ya 14d-f igaragaza ko nyuma yo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imvange za AA, karubone ya kalisiyumu yashyizwe hejuru no hagati y’uduce tw’umucanga, mu gihe hari uduce tw’umucanga tudapfutse twagaragaye. Ku bice bya AS, nubwo ingano ya CaCO3 yakozwe itigeze yiyongera cyane (Ishusho ya 6f), ingano y’imibanire hagati y’uduce tw’umucanga twatewe na CaCO3 yiyongereye cyane ugereranije n’uduce twa AA (Ishusho ya 14g-i).
Dukurikije Ishusho ya 14j-l na 14m-o, biragaragara ko gukoresha formate ya kalisiyumu nk'isoko ya kalisiyumu bituma habaho kwiyongera kw'imvura ya CaCO3 ugereranije n'iya AS, ibi bikaba bihuye n'ibipimo bya kalisiyumu biri ku Ishusho ya 6f. Iyi CaCO3 y'inyongera isa nkaho ishyirwa ahanini ku duce tw'umucanga kandi ntabwo byanze bikunze yongera ubwiza bw'aho ihurira. Ibi byemeza imyitwarire yagaragaye mbere: nubwo hari itandukaniro mu ngano y'imvura ya CaCO3 (Ishusho ya 6f), imiterere itatu (AS, FA na FS) ntabwo itandukanye cyane mu bijyanye n'imikorere yo kurwanya eolian (umuyaga) (Ishusho ya 11) no kurwanya ubuso (Ishusho ya 13a).
Kugira ngo hamenyekane neza uturemangingo twa bagiteri twa CaCO3 hamwe n’aho bagiteri igaragara ku mabuye y’agaciro, hafashwe mikorografi za SEM zongereye ubwinshi kandi ibisubizo bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 15. Nkuko bigaragazwa, karubone ya karubone igwa ku turemangingo twa bagiteri kandi igatanga nucleus ikenewe kugira ngo habeho imvura. Iyi shusho kandi igaragaza isano ikora n’idakora iterwa na CaCO3. Byafatwa umwanzuro ko kwiyongera kw’imigenderanire idakora bidatuma habaho iterambere ryinshi mu mikorere ya mekanike. Kubwibyo, kongera imvura ya CaCO3 ntibituma habaho imbaraga nyinshi za mekanike kandi imiterere y’imvura igira uruhare runini. Iyi ngingo kandi yizwe mu mirimo ya Terzis na Laloui72 na Soghi na Al-Kabani45,73. Kugira ngo hasuzumwe neza isano iri hagati y’imiterere y’imvura n’imbaraga za mekanike, inyigo za MICP zikoresheje amashusho ya µCT zirasabwa, ibi bikaba birenze urugero rw’ubu bushakashatsi (ni ukuvuga gushyiraho uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza isoko ya karubone na bagiteri kugira ngo MICP itagira ammonia itagira ammonia).
CaCO3 yateje imigozi ikora n’idakora mu bipimo byavuwe na (a) imiterere ya AS na (b) imiterere ya FS kandi yasize ikimenyetso cy’uturemangingo twa bagiteri ku musenyi.
Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 14j-o na 15b, hari firime ya CaCO (nk'uko isesengura rya EDX ribigaragaza, ijanisha ry'ibice bya buri kintu muri firime ni karuboni 11%, ogisijeni 46.62% na kalisiyumu 42.39%, hafi cyane y'ijanisha rya CaCO ku Ishusho ya 16). Iyi firime itwikira kristu za vaterite n'uduce tw'ubutaka, bifasha kubungabunga ubusugire bw'isi n'ibimera. Kuba iyi firime yarabonetse gusa mu bipimo byavuwe hakoreshejwe foromate-based formulation.
Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igereranya imbaraga z'ubuso, umuvuduko wo gutandukanya ubutaka, n'ingano ya CaCO3 ikomoka ku binyabuzima mu butaka bwavuwe hakoreshejwe inzira za MICP zirimo kwangirika kwa urea n'izitari kwangirika kwa urea mu bushakashatsi bwabanje no muri ubu bushakashatsi. Ubushakashatsi ku kurwanya isuri kw'ibipimo by'ibice ...
Nkuko bigaragara, hari ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukoresha amazi kirenga 4 L/m213,41,74. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukoresha amazi gishobora kutaboneka mu buryo bworoshye mu rwego rw'ubukungu bitewe n'ikiguzi cyo gutanga amazi, kuyatwara no kuyakoresha amazi menshi. Igipimo cyo hasi cyo gukoresha amazi nka 1.62-2 L/m2 nacyo cyageze ku bushorishori bwiza bwo kugera kuri 190 kPa na TDV irenga 25 m/s. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, imitumba yavuwe na MICP ishingiye kuri formate idafite kwangirika kwa urea yabonye ubushorishori bwinshi bungana n'ubwabonetse mu nzira yo kwangirika kwa urea mu gipimo kimwe cyo gukoresha (ni ukuvuga ko ingero zavuwe na MICP ishingiye kuri formate idafite kwangirika kwa urea nazo zashoboye kugera ku gipimo kimwe cy'ubushorishori nk'uko byatangajwe na Meng et al., 13, Ishusho ya 13a) ku gipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukoresha amazi. Bigaragara kandi ko ku gipimo cya 2 L/m2, umusaruro wa kalisiyumu karubone mu kugabanya isuri ku muvuduko w'umuyaga wa 25 m/s wari 2.25% kuri MICP ishingiye kuri formate nta kwangirika kwa urea, hafi cyane y'ingano ya CaCO3 ikenewe (ni ukuvuga 2.41%) ugereranije n'udusozi twavuwe na MICP igenzura hamwe n'iyangirika rya urea ku gipimo kimwe cyo gukoreshwa n'umuvuduko umwe w'umuyaga (25 m/s).
Bityo, dushobora kwemeza dukurikije iyi mbonerahamwe ko inzira yo kwangirika kwa urea ndetse n'inzira yo kwangirika kwa urea bidashobora gutanga umusaruro mwiza mu bijyanye no kurwanya ubuso na TDV. Itandukaniro rikomeye ni uko inzira yo kwangirika kwa urea idafite amoniya idafite amoniya bityo ikaba ifite ingaruka nke ku bidukikije. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwa MICP bushingiye kuri formate budafite kwangirika kwa urea bwatanzwe muri ubu bushakashatsi busa n'aho bukora neza kurusha uburyo bwa MICP bushingiye kuri acetate budafite kwangirika kwa urea. Nubwo Mohebbi n'abandi biga uburyo bwa MICP bushingiye kuri acetate budafite kwangirika kwa urea, ubushakashatsi bwabo bwakubiyemo ingero ku buso bugororotse9. Bitewe n'urwego rwo hejuru rw'isuri iterwa no kurema kw'amazi hirya no hino ku ngero z'ibitunguru n'umuvuduko uvamo, bigatuma TDV igabanuka, isuri y'umuyaga y'ingero z'ibitunguru byitezwe ko izagaragara cyane kurusha iyo ku buso burambuye ku muvuduko umwe.