Murakoze gusura nature.com. Verisiyo ya mushakisha ukoresha ifite ubufasha buke bwa CSS. Kugira ngo ubone uburambe bwiza, turakugira inama yo gukoresha verisiyo igezweho ya mushakisha (cyangwa kuzimya uburyo bwo guhuza na interineti muri Internet Explorer). Byongeye kandi, kugira ngo ukomeze gushyigikira, uru rubuga ntiruzaba rurimo imiterere cyangwa JavaScript.
Kwaguka kwa shale mu bigega bya kera biteza ibibazo bikomeye, bigatera kudahuzagurika kw'amazi. Kubera impamvu z'ibidukikije, gukoresha amazi yo gucukura ashingiye ku mazi hamwe n'ibintu bigabanya shale ni byo bikundwa kuruta amazi yo gucukura ashingiye kuri peteroli. Ibinyobwa bya Ionic (ILs) byakuruye cyane nk'ibintu bigabanya shale bitewe n'imiterere yabyo ishobora guhinduka ndetse n'imiterere ikomeye ya electrostatic. Ariko, ibinyobwa bya Ionic bishingiye kuri imidazolyl (ILs), bikoreshwa cyane mu gucukura, byagaragaye ko ari uburozi, ntibibora kandi bihenze. Ibinyobwa bya Deep Eutectic (DES) bifatwa nk'uburyo buhendutse kandi budahumanya cyane kuruta ibinyobwa bya Ionic, ariko ntibigera ku rugero rusabwa rwo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Iterambere riherutse gukorwa muri uru rwego ryatumye hashyirwaho ibinyobwa karemano bya Deep Eutectic (NADES), bizwiho kuba byiza ku bidukikije. Ubu bushakashatsi bwakoze ubushakashatsi kuri NADES, zirimo aside citric (nk'umuhuza wa hydrogen bond) na glycerol (nk'umutanga hydrogen bond) nk'inyongera ku binyobwa. Amavuta yo gucukura ashingiye kuri NADES yakozwe hakurikijwe API 13B-1 kandi imikorere yayo yagereranyijwe n'amavuta yo gucukura ashingiye kuri potasiyumu kloride, ibinyobwa bya ionic bishingiye kuri imidazoliyumu, n'ibinyobwa bishingiye kuri choline chloride: urea-DES. Imiterere ya fizikike ya NADES yihariye irasobanurwa mu buryo burambuye. Imiterere ya rheological, igihombo cy'amazi, n'imiterere yo gukumira shale y'amazi yo gucukura byasuzumwe mu gihe cy'ubushakashatsi, kandi byagaragaye ko ku kigero cya 3% bya NADES, igipimo cy'umusaruro/ubushyuhe bwa plastiki (YP/PV) cyiyongereye, ubunini bw'umugati w'ibikomoka ku byondo bwagabanutseho 26%, kandi ingano ya filtrate yagabanutseho 30.1%. By'umwihariko, NADES yageze ku gipimo gitangaje cyo gukumira kwaguka cya 49.14% kandi yongera umusaruro wa shale ku kigero cya 86.36%. Ibi byavuye mu bushakashatsi biterwa n'ubushobozi bwa NADES bwo guhindura imikorere y'ubuso, ubushobozi bwa zeta, n'intera y'ibumba, bivugwa muri iyi nyandiko kugira ngo dusobanukirwe uburyo bw'ibanze. Iyi mashini icukura amazi irambye yitezweho guhindura urwego rw'ubucukuzi binyuze mu gutanga ubundi buryo butari uburozi, buhendutse kandi bufite akamaro cyane aho gukoresha imiti igabanya ingese ya shale, bityo bikazana inzira yo gucukura idahungabanya ibidukikije.
Shale ni ibuye rikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye rikora nk'isoko n'ububiko bw'ingufu za hydrocarbon, kandi imiterere yaryo ifite imyenge1 itanga ubushobozi bwo gukora no kubika iyi mitungo y'agaciro. Ariko, shale ikungahaye ku myunyu ngugu y'ibumba nka montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite na illite, bituma ikunze kubyimba iyo ihuye n'amazi, bigatuma imiyoboro y'amazi idakora neza mu gihe cyo gucukura2,3. Ibi bibazo bishobora gutera igihe kidatanga umusaruro (NPT) n'ibibazo byinshi by'imikorere birimo imiyoboro yafatiwe, kubura ibyondo bizenguruka, gusenyuka kw'imiyoboro y'amazi no kwangirika kw'ibice, bikongera igihe cyo kugarura no kwishyura. Ubusanzwe, imiyoboro y'amazi ishingiye kuri peteroli (OBDF) ni yo yari amahitamo meza yo gukora imiyoboro y'amazi bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya kwaguka kw'imiyoboro y'amazi4. Ariko, gukoresha imiyoboro y'amazi ishingiye kuri peteroli bisaba ikiguzi kinini n'ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Imiyoboro y'amazi ishingiye ku bukorikori (SBDF) yafatwaga nk'ubundi buryo, ariko kuba ikwiriye iyo igeze ku bushyuhe bwinshi ntabwo ishimishije. Amavuta yo gucukura ashingiye ku mazi (WBDF) ni igisubizo gikurura abantu kuko ari meza, nta kubangamira ibidukikije, kandi ahendutse kurusha OBDF5. Hari imiti itandukanye igabanya ubushyuhe yakoreshejwe mu kongera ubushobozi bwo gukumira ubushyuhe bwa WBDF, harimo imiti igabanya ubushyuhe gakondo nka potassium chloride, lime, silicate, na polymer. Ariko, iyi miti ifite imbogamizi mu bijyanye n'imikorere n'ingaruka ku bidukikije, cyane cyane bitewe n'ubwinshi bwa K+ mu miti igabanya ubushyuhe bwa potasiyumu chloride ndetse n'ubushobozi bwa pH bwa silicate. 6 Abashakashatsi basuzumye uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi ya ioni nk'inyongera ku mazi yo gucukura kugira ngo banoze rheology y'amazi yo gucukura no gukumira kubyimba no kwirema kwa shale. Ariko, aya mazi ya ioni, cyane cyane arimo imidazolyl cations, muri rusange ni uburozi, arahenze, ntabora, kandi asaba uburyo bugoye bwo gutegura. Kugira ngo bakemure ibi bibazo, abantu batangiye gushaka ubundi buryo buhendutse kandi butangiza ibidukikije, byatumye habaho imiti igabanya ubushyuhe mu buryo bwimbitse (DES). DES ni uruvange rw’ibinyabutabire bikozwe n’umutanga hydrogen bond (HBD) n’umufata hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) ku gipimo cya molar n’ubushyuhe runaka. Izi mvange z’ibinyabutabire bitagira aho bihuriye n’ibice byazo, ahanini bitewe no guhindagurika kw’amashanyarazi guterwa n’imigozi ya hydrogen. Ibintu byinshi, birimo ingufu za lattice, impinduka za entropy, n’imikoranire hagati y’ibinyabutabire na HBD, bigira uruhare runini mu kugabanya aho DES ihurira.
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere, inyongeramusaruro zitandukanye zongewe mu mazi acukurwa kugira ngo bikemure ikibazo cyo kwaguka kwa shale. Urugero, Ofei n'abandi bongeyeho 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), yagabanyije cyane ubunini bwa cake y'icyondo (kugeza kuri 50%) kandi igabanya agaciro ka YP/PV ho 11 ku bushyuhe butandukanye. Huang n'abandi bakoresheje ibinyobwa bya iyoni (cyane cyane, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide na 1,2-bis (3-hexylimidazol-1-yl) ethane bromide) hamwe n'uduce twa Na-Bt kandi bigabanya cyane kubyimba kwa shale ku kigero cya 86.43% na 94.17%, uko bikurikirana12. Byongeye kandi, Yang n'abandi bakoresheje 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide na 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide kugira ngo bagabanye ububyimbirwe bwa shale ku kigero cya 16.91% na 5.81%, uko bikurikirana. 13 Yang n'abandi bakoresheje kandi 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide maze bagabanya kwaguka kwa shale ku kigero cya 31.62% mu gihe bakomeza gusubirana kwa shale ku kigero cya 40.60%. 14 Byongeye kandi, Luo n'abandi bakoresheje 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate kugira ngo bagabanye ububyimbirwe bwa shale ku kigero cya 80%. 15, 16 Dai n'abandi bakoresheje copolymers z'amazi ya ionic kugira ngo bahagarike ububyimbirwe bwa shale kandi biyongeraho 18% mu gusubirana kwa linear ugereranije n'ababuza amine. 17
Ibinyobwa bya Ionic ubwabyo bifite ingaruka mbi, byatumye abahanga mu bya siyansi bashaka ibindi bisimbura ibinyobwa bya Ionic, bityo DES iravuka. Hanjia ni we wa mbere wakoresheje ibinyabutabire byimbitse bya eutectic (DES) bigizwe na aside propionic ya vinyl chloride (1:1), aside 3-phenylpropionic ya vinyl chloride (1:2), na aside 3-mercaptopropionic + aside itaconic + vinyl chloride (1:1:2), byabujije bentonite kubyimba ku kigero cya 68%, 58%, na 58%, uko bikurikirana18. Mu igerageza ryigenga, MH Rasul yakoresheje igipimo cya 2:1 cya glycerol na potassium carbonate (DES) kandi yagabanyije cyane kubyimba kw'ingero za shale ku kigero cya 87%19,20. Ma yakoresheje urea:vinyl chloride kugira ngo agabanye cyane kwaguka kwa shale ku kigero cya 67%.21 Rasul n'abandi. Guhuza DES na polymer byakoreshejwe nk'inzitizi ya shale ikoreshwa mu bikorwa bibiri, byageze ku ngaruka nziza zo gukumira shale22.
Nubwo ibinyabutabire by’umusemburo wa deep eutectic (DES) muri rusange bifatwa nk'uburyo budasanzwe bwo gusimbura ibinyabutabire bya ionic, birimo n'ibintu bishobora kugira uburozi nk'umunyu wa ammonium, bigatuma kuba bitangiza ibidukikije biba biteye amakenga. Iki kibazo cyatumye habaho ibinyabutabire by’umusemburo wa deep eutectic karemano (NADES). Biracyari mu cyiciro cya DES, ariko bigizwe n'ibintu n'imyunyu karemano, harimo potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), Epsom salts (MgSO4.7H2O), n'ibindi. Uruvange rwinshi rw'ibinyabutabire bya DES na NADES bifungura ahantu hanini ho gukora ubushakashatsi muri uru rwego kandi byitezwe ko bizakoreshwa mu nzego zitandukanye. Abashakashatsi benshi bashoboye gukora ibinyabutabire bishya bya DES byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka nziza mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Urugero, Naser et al. 2013 bakoze DES ishingiye kuri potasiyumu karubone kandi biga imiterere yayo ya thermophysical, nyuma basanga ikoreshwa mu bice byo gukumira hydrate, inyongeramusaruro z'amazi yo gucukura, imiterere, na nanofibrillation. 23 Jordy Kim n'abo bakorana bakoze NADES ishingiye kuri aside ascorbic kandi basuzuma imiterere yayo irwanya uburozi mu bikorwa bitandukanye. 24 Christer n'abandi bakoze NADES ishingiye kuri aside citric kandi bagaragaje ubushobozi bwayo nk'umusemburo w'ibikomoka kuri kolajeni. 25 Liu Yi n'abo bakorana bavuze muri make ikoreshwa rya NADES nk'ibikoresho byo gukuramo no gushushanya mu isuzuma ryimbitse, mu gihe Misan n'abandi baganiriye ku ikoreshwa rya NADES mu rwego rw'ibiribwa bikomoka ku buhinzi. Ni ngombwa ko abashakashatsi ku mazi yo gucukura batangira kwita ku bushobozi bwa NADES mu bikorwa byabo. Mu 2023, Rasul n'abandi bakoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwo gushonga mu buryo bw'umwimerere bushingiye kuri aside ascorbic26, kalisiyumu chloride27, potasiyumu chloride28 n'umunyu wa Epsom29 kandi bagera ku buryo butangaje bwo gukumira shale no kugarura shale. Ubu bushakashatsi ni bumwe mu bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwagaragaje NADES (cyane cyane aside citric na glycerol-based formulation) nk'umuti ubuza shale kwirinda ibidukikije kandi ukagira ingaruka nziza mu mazi acukurwa, ufite ubushobozi bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije, ubushobozi bwo gukumira shale bwongereye kandi ukagira imikorere myiza y'amazi ugereranije n'imiti ibuza gakondo nka KCl, imidazolyl-based ionic liquids na DES gakondo.
Ubu bushakashatsi buzakubiyemo gutegura aside citric (CA) ishingiye kuri aside citric (CA) mu nzu, hagakurikiraho imiterere irambuye ya fizikikemike n'ikoreshwa ryayo nk'inyongera y'amazi yo gucukura kugira ngo hasuzumwe imiterere y'amazi yo gucukura n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukumira kubyimba. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, CA izakora nk'ikintu gifata hydrogen bond mu gihe glycerol (Gly) izakora nk'umutanga hydrogen bond watoranijwe hashingiwe ku bipimo ngenderwaho bya MH byo gusuzuma ikorwa/gutoranywa kwa NADES mu bushakashatsi bwo gukumira kubyimba shale30. Ibipimo bya Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) na zeta potential (ZP) bizagaragaza imikoranire ya NADES n'ibumba n'uburyo butuma kubyimba kw'ibumba bigabanuka. Byongeye kandi, ubu bushakashatsi buzagereranya amazi yo gucukura ashingiye kuri CA NADES na DES32 hashingiwe kuri 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl na choline chloride:urea (1:2) kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bikoresha mu gukumira kubyimba shale no kunoza imikorere y'amazi yo gucukura.
Aside citrike (monohydrate), glycerol (99 USP), na urea byaguzwe muri EvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, muri Maleziya. Choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, na potassium chloride byaguzwe muri Sigma Aldrich, muri Maleziya. Imiterere y’ibinyabutabire by’ibinyabutabire byose igaragara ku Ishusho ya 1. Ishusho y’icyatsi kibisi igereranya ibinyabutabire by’ingenzi byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi: imidazolyl ionic liquid, choline chloride (DES), aside citric, glycerol, potassium chloride, na NADES (aside citric na glycerol). Imbonerahamwe y’ubuziranenge bw’ibinyabutabire byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi igaragazwa ku Imbonerahamwe ya 1. Muri iyi mbonerahamwe, buri kinyabutabire gipimwa hashingiwe ku burozi, kwangirika kw’ibinyabuzima, ikiguzi, no kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire by'ibikoresho byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi: (a) aside citric, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) koline chloride, na (d) glycerol.
Abatanga hydrogen bond (HBD) n'abakira hydrogen bond (HBA) mu guteza imbere CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) batoranijwe neza hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho bya MH 30, bigamije guteza imbere NADES nk'ibintu bibuza shale gukora neza. Dukurikije iki gipimo, ibice bifite umubare munini w'abatanga hydrogen bond n'abakira ndetse n'amatsinda y'imikorere ya polar bifatwa nk'ibikwiriye mu guteza imbere NADES.
Byongeye kandi, ikinyabutabire cya ionic [EMIM]Cl na choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) byatoranijwe kugira ngo bigereranywe muri ubu bushakashatsi kuko bikoreshwa cyane nk'inyongeramusaruro z'amazi yo gucukura33,34,35,36. Byongeye kandi, potasiyumu chloride (KCl) yagereranyijwe kuko ari ikintu gisanzwe kibuza.
Aside citrike na glycerol byavanzwe mu buryo butandukanye kugira ngo haboneke uruvange rwa eutectic. Igenzura ry’amaso ryagaragaje ko uruvange rwa eutectic rwari amazi amwe, abonerana kandi adafite ubushyuhe, bigaragaza ko umutanga hydrogen bond (HBD) na hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) byavanzwe neza muri ubu buryo bwa eutectic. Igerageza rya mbere ryakozwe kugira ngo harebwe imyitwarire ishingiye ku bushyuhe bw’uburyo HBD na HBA zivanga. Dukurikije inyandiko ziboneka, igipimo cy’uruvange rwa eutectic cyapimwe ku bushyuhe butatu bwihariye buri hejuru ya 50 °C, 70 °C na 100 °C, bigaragaza ko ubushyuhe bwa eutectic busanzwe buri hagati ya 50-80 °C. Ingano ya digitale ya Mettler yakoreshejwe kugira ngo ipime neza ibice bya HBD na HBA, kandi icyuma gishyushya cya Thermo Fisher cyakoreshejwe mu gushyushya no gukurura HBD na HBA kuri 100 rpm mu gihe hagenzurwaga.
Imiterere ya thermophysical ya solvent yacu ya synthetic deep eutectic (DES), harimo ubucucike, imbaraga z'ubuso, index refractive, na viscosity, yapimwe neza mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 289.15 na 333.15 K. Byakagombye kumenyekana ko ubushyuhe bwatoranyijwe ahanini bitewe n'imbogamizi z'ibikoresho bihari. Isesengura ryimbitse ryakozwe harimo inyigo yimbitse ku miterere itandukanye ya thermophysical y'iyi formula ya NADES, igaragaza imyitwarire yayo mu bushyuhe butandukanye. Kwibanda kuri ubu bushyuhe bwihariye bitanga ubumenyi ku miterere ya NADES ifite akamaro kanini ku bikorwa byinshi.
Ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bwa NADES bwateguwe bwapimwe hagati ya 289.15 na 333.15 K hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima ubushyuhe bw'ubuso (IFT700). Ibitonyanga bya NADES biba mu cyumba cyuzuyemo amazi menshi hakoreshejwe urushinge rw'imiyoboro y'amazi mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko runaka. Sisitemu zigezweho zo gufotora zishyiraho ibipimo bya geometrike bikwiye kugira ngo zibare ubushyuhe bw'ubuso hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo cya Laplace.
Igikoresho cya ATAGO refractometer cyakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane igipimo cyo kugarura urumuri cya NADES nshya zateguwe ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya 289.15 na 333.15 K. Igikoresho gikoresha module y'ubushyuhe kugira ngo kigenzure ubushyuhe kugira ngo gipime urugero rwo kugarura urumuri, bikuraho ko hakenewe amazi yo kwiyuhagira afite ubushyuhe buhoraho. Ubuso bwa prism bwa refractometer bugomba gusukurwa kandi umuti w'icyitegererezo ugakwirakwizwa neza hejuru yabwo. Hindura ukoresheje igisubizo kizwi, hanyuma usome igipimo cyo kugarura urumuri uhereye kuri ecran.
Ubushyuhe bwa NADES bwateguwe bwapimwe mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 289.15 na 333.15 K hakoreshejwe viscometer izunguruka ya Brookfield (ubwoko bwa cryogenic) ku gipimo cya 30 rpm n'ingano ya spindle ya 6. Viscometer ipima ubushyuhe igena torque ikenewe kugira ngo spindle izunguruke ku muvuduko uhoraho mu gipimo cy'amazi. Nyuma y'uko icyitegererezo gishyizwe ku gitambaro munsi y'umugozi no gukomera, viscometer yerekana ubushyuhe muri centipoise (cP), itanga amakuru y'ingirakamaro ku miterere y'amazi mu maraso.
Igipimo cy’ubucucike gikoreshwa mu gupima ubucucike bw’amazi (NDEES) gishya cyateguwe mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 289.15 na 333.15 K. Kubera ko igikoresho kidafite icyuma gishyushya, kigomba gushyushya kugeza ku bushyuhe bwagenwe (± 2 °C) mbere yo gukoresha icyuma gipima ubucucike cya NADES. Kuramo nibura mililitiro 2 z’icyitegererezo unyuze mu muyoboro, maze ubucucike buzahita bwerekanwa kuri ecran. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko bitewe n’uko nta icyuma gishyushya gifite, ibisubizo byo gupima bifite ikosa rya ± 2 °C.
Kugira ngo dupime pH ya NADES nshya yateguwe mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 289.15–333.15 K, twakoresheje icyuma gipima pH cya Kenis benchtop. Kubera ko nta gikoresho gishyushya cyashyizweho, NADES yabanje gushyushya ubushyuhe bwifuzwaga (± 2 °C) hakoreshejwe icyuma gishyushya hanyuma igapimwa neza ukoresheje icyuma gipima pH. Shyira icyuma gipima pH muri NADES neza hanyuma wandike agaciro ka nyuma y’uko igipimo kimaze guhagarara.
Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric (TGA) ryakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma ubushyuhe buhamye bw'ibintu bihumanya ikirere byimbitse (NADES). Ingero zasesenguwe mu gihe cyo gushyushya. Hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuringaniza neza no gukurikirana neza uburyo bwo gushyushya, hakozwe igishushanyo cy'igihombo kinini ugereranyije n'ubushyuhe. NADES yashyuhijwe kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 500 °C ku gipimo cya 1 °C ku munota.
Kugira ngo hatangire igikorwa, icyitegererezo cya NADES kigomba kuvangwa neza, kigahindurwa kimwe, hanyuma kikavanwaho ubushuhe bwo hejuru. Icyitegererezo cyateguwe gishyirwa muri cuvette ya TGA, ubusanzwe ikorwa mu bikoresho bidafite ishingiro nka aluminiyumu. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ibisubizo nyabyo, ibikoresho bya TGA birapimwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'ingenzi, ubusanzwe ibipimo by'uburemere. Iyo bipimwe, igerageza rya TGA riratangira kandi icyitegererezo gishyushywa mu buryo bugenzurwa, ubusanzwe ku muvuduko uhoraho. Gukurikirana buri gihe isano iri hagati y'uburemere bw'icyitegererezo n'ubushyuhe ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'igerageza. Ibikoresho bya TGA bikusanya amakuru ku bushyuhe, uburemere, n'ibindi bipimo nk'urujya n'uruza rwa gaze cyangwa ubushyuhe bw'icyitegererezo. Iyo igerageza rya TGA rirangiye, amakuru yakusanyijwe arasesengurwa kugira ngo hamenyekane impinduka mu buremere bw'icyitegererezo nk'uko ubushyuhe buhagaze. Aya makuru ni ingirakamaro mu kugena urwego rw'ubushyuhe rujyanye n'impinduka mu buryo bw'umubiri n'ubutabire mu cyitegererezo, harimo inzira nko gushonga, guhumeka, ogisijeni, cyangwa kubora.
Amazi yo gucukura ashingiye ku mazi yakozwe neza hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho bya API 13B-1, kandi imiterere yayo yihariye igaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2 kugira ngo ikoreshwe. Aside citric na glycerol (99 USP) byaguzwe muri Sigma Aldrich, muri Maleziya kugira ngo bitegure umuti karemano w’amazi menshi (NADES). Byongeye kandi, potassium chloride ikoreshwa mu gucukura shale inhibitor (KCl) nayo yaguzwe muri Sigma Aldrich, muri Maleziya. 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) ifite ubuziranenge burenze 98% yatoranijwe kubera ingaruka zikomeye mu kunoza rheology y’amazi yo gucukura no gukumira shale, nk'uko byemejwe mu bushakashatsi bwabanje. KCl na ([EMIM]Cl) byombi bizakoreshwa mu isesengura rigereranya kugira ngo harebwe imikorere ya NADES yo gukumira shale.
Abashakashatsi benshi bahitamo gukoresha uduce twa bentonite kugira ngo biga kubyimba kwa shale kuko bentonite irimo itsinda rimwe rya "montmorillonite" ritera kubyimba kwa shale. Kubona ingero nyazo z'ibanze bya shale biragoye kuko inzira yo gufunga igabanya ubukana bwa shale, bigatuma ingero zitari shale gusa ahubwo zisanzwe zirimo uruvange rw'amabuye y'umucanga n'amabuye y'umukara. Byongeye kandi, ingero za shale ubusanzwe zibura amatsinda ya montmorillonite atera kubyimba kwa shale bityo zikaba zidakwiriye gukoreshwa mu igerageza ryo gukumira kubyimba.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twakoresheje uduce twa bentonite twasubiwemo dufite umurambararo wa cm 2.54. Uduce twakozwe hakoreshejwe garama 11.5 z'ifu ya sodium bentonite mu gikoresho gikamura amazi kuri 1600 psi. Ubunini bw'uduce twapimwe neza mbere yo gushyirwa muri dilatometero igororotse (LD). Utwo duce twashyizwe mu bipimo by'amazi yo gucukura, harimo ingero z'ibanze n'ingero zatewemo imiti igabanya ubukana bw'uduce twakoreshejwe mu gukumira kubyimba kw'umuraba. Impinduka mu bunini bw'uduce twa granule zakurikiranwe neza hakoreshejwe LD, ibipimo byanditswe mu gihe cy'amasegonda 60 mu gihe cy'amasaha 24.
Imiterere ya X-ray yagaragaje ko imiterere ya bentonite, cyane cyane 47% by'igice cyayo cya montmorillonite, ari ingenzi mu gusobanukirwa imiterere yayo ya geologi. Mu bice bya montmorillonite bya bentonite, montmorillonite ni yo gice cy'ingenzi, igizwe na 88.6% by'ibice byose. Hagati aho, quartz igizwe na 29%, illite igizwe na 7%, na karubone igizwe na 9%. Igice gito (hafi 3.2%) ni uruvange rwa illite na montmorillonite. Byongeye kandi, irimo ibintu bike nka Fe2O3 (4.7%), aluminosilicate ya silver (1.2%), muscovite (4%), na fosfeti (2.3%). Byongeye kandi, hari ingano nto ya Na2O (1.83%) na silicate y'icyuma (2.17%), bituma bishoboka gusobanukirwa neza ibintu bigize bentonite n'ingano yabyo.
Iki gice cy’ubushakashatsi cyuzuye kigaragaza imiterere ya rheological na filtration y’ibice by’amazi yo gucukura byateguwe hakoreshejwe solvent karemano ya deep eutectic (NADES) kandi bigakoreshwa nk’inyongera y’amazi yo gucukura ku bipimo bitandukanye (1%, 3% na 5%). Ingero za slurry zishingiye kuri NADES zagereranyijwe kandi zisesengurwa hifashishijwe ingero za slurry zigizwe na potassium chloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) na ionic liquids. Muri ubu bushakashatsi hatanzwe ibipimo by’ingenzi birimo ibipimo bya viscosity byabonetse hakoreshejwe FANN viscometer mbere na nyuma yo guhura n’ibihe byo gusaza kuri 100°C na 150°C. Ibipimo byafashwe ku muvuduko utandukanye wo kuzunguruka (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm na 600 rpm) bituma hakorwa isesengura ryimbitse ry’imyitwarire y’amazi yo gucukura. Amakuru yabonetse ashobora gukoreshwa mu kumenya imiterere y’ingenzi nka yield point (YP) na plastic viscosity (PV), bitanga ubumenyi ku mikorere y’amazi mu bihe bitandukanye. Ibizamini byo kuyungurura ubushyuhe bwinshi (HPHT) kuri 400 psi na 150°C (ubushyuhe busanzwe mu byobo bishyushye cyane) bigena imikorere yo kuyungurura (ubugari bwa keke n'ingano ya filtrate).
Iki gice gikoresha ibikoresho bigezweho, Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), kugira ngo isuzume neza imiterere yo gukumira ubushyuhe bw'amazi yacu acukura ashingiye ku mazi. LSM ni imashini igezweho igizwe n'ibice bibiri: icyuma gikompanyira plate na linear dilatometer (icyitegererezo: M4600). Amasahani ya Bentonite yateguwe kugira ngo asesengurwe hakoreshejwe Grace Core/Plate Compactor. Hanyuma LSM itanga amakuru yihuse kuri izi sahani, bituma hakorwa isuzuma ryimbitse ry'imiterere yo gukumira ubushyuhe bw'amasahani. Ibizamini byo kwagura amasahani byakozwe mu bihe bitandukanye, ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe bwa 25°C na 1 psia.
Isuzuma ry’uko shale stability rikubiyemo ikizamini cy’ingenzi gikunze kwitwa ikizamini cyo kugarura shale, ikizamini cyo kugabanya shale cyangwa ikizamini cyo kugabanya shale. Kugira ngo utangire iri suzuma, ibice bya shale bitandukanywa ku isuzuma rya #6 BSS hanyuma bigashyirwa ku isuzuma rya #10. Ibice bya shale bishyirwa mu kigega aho bivangwa n’amazi y’ibanze n’icyondo cyo gucukura kirimo NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Intambwe ikurikiraho ni ugushyira imvange mu itanura kugira ngo habeho gushyuha cyane, hakarebwa ko ibice bya shale n’icyondo bivanze neza. Nyuma y’amasaha 16, ibice bya shale bikurwa mu gishishwa kugira ngo shale ibore, bigatuma uburemere bw’ibice bya shale bugabanuka. Ikizamini cyo kugarura shale cyakozwe nyuma y’uko ibice bya shale byafatiwe mu cyondo cyo gucukura kuri 150°C na santimetero 1000 psi. mu masaha 24.
Kugira ngo dupime uburyo icyondo cy’umukara cyagarujwe, twagisukuye dukoresheje agakoresho gato (mesh 40), hanyuma tucyoza neza n’amazi, hanyuma tugipfuka mu itanura. Ubu buryo butoroshye budufasha gupima icyondo cyagarujwe ugereranije n’uburemere bwacyo bwa mbere, amaherezo tubara ijanisha ry’icyondo cy’umukara cyagarujwe neza. Inkomoko y’ingero z’umukara zavuye mu Karere ka Niah, mu Karere ka Miri, muri Sarawak, muri Maleziya. Mbere y’ibizamini byo gukwirakwiza no gusubiza, ingero z’umukara zakorewe isesengura ryimbitse rya X-ray diffraction (XRD) kugira ngo harebwe imiterere y’ibumba ryazo kandi byemeze ko zikwiriye gupimwa. Imiterere y’imyunyu ngugu y’ibumba y’icyitegererezo ni iyi ikurikira: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, na mica 19%.
Umuvuduko w'ubuso ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kigenzura uburyo amazi yinjira mu mikorobe z'umucanga binyuze mu miyoboro y'amazi, ibi bikaba bizasuzumwa birambuye muri iki gice. Iyi nyandiko isuzuma uruhare rw'umuvuduko w'ubuso mu miterere y'amazi yo gucukura, igaragaza ingaruka zikomeye ku gikorwa cyo gucukura, cyane cyane imiyoboro y'amazi yo gucukura. Twakoresheje icyuma gipima ubushyuhe bw'amazi yo gucukura (IFT700) kugira ngo dupime neza umuvuduko w'amazi yo gucukura, bigaragaza ikintu cy'ingenzi mu mikorere y'amazi yo gucukura mu rwego rwo gukumira imiyoboro y'amazi yo gucukura.
Iki gice kivuga ku buryo burambuye ku ntera iri hagati y’urwego rwa aluminosilicate n’urwego rumwe rwa aluminosilicate mu ibumba. Isesengura ryakorewe ku ngero z’ibyondo bitose birimo 1%, 3% na 5% CA NADES, ndetse na 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl na 3% CC:urea based DES kugira ngo bigereranywe. Diffractometer ya X-ray igezweho (D2 Phaser) ikora kuri 40 mA na 45 kV hamwe n’imirasire ya Cu-Kα (λ = 1.54059 Å) yagize uruhare runini mu kwandika imisozi miremire ya diffraction ya X-ray y’ibipimo bya Na-Bt bitose n’ibyumye. Gukoresha Bragg equation bituma hamenyekana neza intera iri hagati y’urwego rwa d, bityo bigatanga amakuru y’ingirakamaro ku myitwarire y’ibumba.
Iki gice gikoresha igikoresho cya Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP kigezweho kugira ngo gipime neza ubushobozi bwa zeta. Iri suzuma ryatanze amakuru y'ingirakamaro ku miterere y'ingufu z'ibimera bivanze birimo 1%, 3%, na 5% CA NADES, ndetse na 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, na 3% CC:urea-based DES kugira ngo bigereranywe. Ibi bisubizo bigira uruhare mu gusobanukirwa uburyo ibintu bya colloidal bihagaze neza n'uburyo bikorana mu mazi.
Ingero z'ibumba zasuzumwe mbere na nyuma yo guhura n'ibintu bidafite imiterere y'ibumba (NADES) hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi ya Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) ifite X-ray ikwirakwiza ingufu (EDX). Ingufu za electron beam zari 500 nm naho ingufu za electron beam zari 30 kV na 50 kV. FESEM itanga ishusho nziza y'imiterere y'ubuso n'imiterere y'ingero z'ibumba. Intego y'ubu bushakashatsi kwari ukubona amakuru ku ngaruka za NADES ku ngero z'ibumba hagereranywa amashusho yabonetse mbere na nyuma yo guhura n'ibintu bidafite imiterere y'ibumba.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya FESEM mu gusuzuma ingaruka za NADES ku bipimo by'ibumba ku rwego rwa mikorosikopi. Intego y'ubu bushakashatsi ni ukugaragaza uburyo NADES ishobora gukoreshwa n'ingaruka zayo ku miterere y'ibumba n'ingano y'uduce duto, ibyo bikazatanga amakuru y'ingirakamaro mu bushakashatsi muri uru rwego.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, imirongo y'amakosa yakoreshejwe mu gusobanura mu buryo bugaragara itandukaniro n'ubudasobanutse bw'ikosa ry'ikigereranyo ku ijana (AMPE) mu bihe by'igerageza. Aho gushushanya agaciro ka AMPE ku giti cyayo (kubera ko gushushanya agaciro ka AMPE bishobora guhisha icyerekezo no gukabya itandukaniro rito), tubara imirongo y'amakosa dukoresheje itegeko rya 5%. Ubu buryo bwemeza ko buri murongo w'amakosa uhagarariye igihe cy'icyizere cya 95% na 100% by'agaciro ka AMPE byitezwe kugabanuka, bityo bigatanga incamake isobanutse kandi irambuye y'ikwirakwizwa ry'amakuru kuri buri kibazo cy'igerageza. Gukoresha imirongo y'amakosa hashingiwe ku itegeko rya 5% bityo binoza uburyo bwo gusobanura no kwizera ibimenyetso by'amashusho kandi bigafasha gutanga ubumenyi burambuye ku bisubizo n'ingaruka zabyo.
Mu gukora imisemburo karemano ya eutectic (NADES), hari ibipimo by'ingenzi byizweho witonze mu gihe cyo gutegura mu nzu. Ibi bintu by'ingenzi birimo ubushyuhe, igipimo cya molar, n'umuvuduko wo kuvanga. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwerekana ko iyo HBA (aside citric) na HBD (glycerol) bivanze ku gipimo cya molar cya 1:4 kuri 50°C, havuka uruvange rwa eutectic. Ikintu kiranga uruvange rwa eutectic ni uko rugaragara neza, rusa neza, ndetse no kutagira sediment. Bityo, iyi ntambwe y'ingenzi igaragaza akamaro k'igipimo cya molar, ubushyuhe, n'umuvuduko wo kuvanga, muri byo igipimo cya molar cyagize uruhare runini mu gutegura DES na NADES, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.
Igipimo cyo kugarura urumuri (n) kigaragaza igipimo cy'umuvuduko w'urumuri mu cyuma gifunze ugereranije n'umuvuduko w'urumuri mu buryo bwa kabiri, bufite ubucucike bwinshi. Igipimo cyo kugarura urumuri ni ingenzi cyane ku bintu bisukura umwuka mu buryo bw'umwimerere (NADES) iyo hatekerezwa ku mikoreshereze y'urumuri nk'ibipima ubuzima. Igipimo cyo kugarura urumuri cya NADES cyakoreweho ubushakashatsi kuri 25 °C cyari 1.452, kikaba kiri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'icya glycerol.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko igipimo cyo kurekura cya NADES kigabanuka uko ubushyuhe bugenda, kandi iyi ngendo ishobora gusobanurwa neza hakoreshejwe formula (1) na Ishusho ya 3, aho ikosa ry’ikigereranyo cy’ubushyuhe (AMPE) rigera kuri 0%. Iyi myitwarire ishingiye ku bushyuhe isobanurwa no kugabanuka kwa viscosity n’ubucucike ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bigatuma urumuri runyura mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga ku muvuduko wo hejuru, bigatuma agaciro ka refractive index (n) kagabanuka. Ibi bisubizo bitanga ubumenyi bw’ingirakamaro ku ikoreshwa rya NADES mu gupima optique, bigaragaza ubushobozi bwazo mu gukoresha biosensor.
Ubushyuhe bw'ubuso, bugaragaza icyerekezo cy'ubuso bw'amazi mu kugabanya ubuso bwabwo, ni ingenzi cyane mu gusuzuma niba ibinyabutabire karemano by'ubushyuhe bwimbitse (NADES) bikwiranye n'ikoreshwa ry'umuvuduko w'amaraso mu miyoboro y'amazi. Inyigo ku bushyuhe bw'ubuso mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 25–60 °C itanga amakuru y'ingirakamaro. Kuri 25 °C, ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bwa NADES bushingiye kuri aside citric bwari 55.42 mN/m, buri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'amazi na glycerol. Ishusho ya 4 igaragaza ko ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bugabanuka cyane uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Iki kintu gishobora gusobanurwa no kwiyongera kw'ingufu za molekile ndetse no kugabanuka kw'imbaraga zikurura molekile.
Uburyo bwo kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'ubuso bwagaragaye muri NADES zakoreweho ubushakashatsi bushobora kugaragazwa neza n'ikigereranyo (2), kigaragaza isano y'ibanze mu mibare mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 25–60 °C. Imbonerahamwe iri ku Ishusho ya 4 igaragaza neza imiterere y'umuvuduko w'ubuso hamwe n'ubushyuhe bufite ikosa ry'ikigereranyo cy'impuzandengo (AMPE) rya 1.4%, ripima ukuri kw'agaciro k'umuvuduko w'ubuso kavuzwe. Ibi bisubizo bifite ingaruka zikomeye mu gusobanukirwa imyitwarire ya NADES n'ikoreshwa ryayo rishoboka.
Gusobanukirwa imiterere y’ubucucike bw’ibintu bisukura mu buryo bw’umwimerere (NADES) ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo byorohereze ikoreshwa ryabyo mu bushakashatsi bwinshi bwa siyansi. Ubucucike bwa NADES bushingiye kuri aside citric kuri 25°C ni 1.361 g/cm3, buruta ubucucike bwa glycerol. Iri tandukaniro rishobora gusobanurwa no kongeramo agakoresho ko kwakira hydrogen bond (aside citric) kuri glycerol.
Dufashe urugero rwa NADES zishingiye kuri citrate, ubucucike bwayo bugabanuka bukagera kuri 1.19 g/cm3 kuri 60°C. Ubwiyongere bw'ingufu za kinetiki iyo bushyushye butuma molekile za NADES zikwirakwira, bigatuma zifata ingano nini, bigatuma ubucucike bugabanuka. Igabanuka ry'ubucucike ryagaragaye rigaragaza isano runaka n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe, bushobora kugaragazwa neza hakoreshejwe formula (3). Ishusho ya 5 yerekana mu buryo bw'ishusho ibi biranga impinduka z'ubucucike bwa NADES hamwe n'ikosa ry'ikigereranyo cy'ikigereranyo (AMPE) cya 1.12%, bitanga igipimo cy'ubuziranenge bw'agaciro k'ubucucike bwavuzwe.
Ubushyuhe ni imbaraga zikurura hagati y’ibice bitandukanye by’amazi agenda kandi bigira uruhare runini mu gusobanukirwa uburyo ibintu bisukura amazi byimbitse mu mubiri (NADES) bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye. Kuri 25 °C, ubushyuhe bwa NADES bwari 951 cP, buruta ubwa glycerol.
Kugabanuka kwa viscosity kugaragara hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwiyongera ahanini biterwa no kugabanuka kw'imbaraga zikurura hagati ya molekile. Iki kintu gituma viscosity y'amazi igabanuka, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6 kandi bigabanurwa na Equation (4). By'umwihariko, kuri 60°C, viscosity igabanuka ikagera kuri 898 cP hamwe n'ikosa rusange ry'ikigereranyo ku ijana (AMPE) rya 1.4%. Gusobanukirwa birambuye viscosity ugereranyije n'ubushyuhe muri NADES ni ingenzi cyane mu ikoreshwa ryayo mu buryo bufatika.
pH y'umuti, igenwa na logarithm ya hydrogen ion, ni ingenzi cyane, cyane cyane mu bikorwa byo kwitabwaho na pH nko gukora ADN, bityo pH ya NADES igomba kwigwa neza mbere yo kuyikoresha. Dufashe urugero rwa NADES ishingiye kuri aside citric, pH ifite aside ya 1.91 irashobora kugaragara, bitandukanye cyane na pH ya glycerol idafite aho ibogamiye.
Igishimishije ni uko pH ya aside citric dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) yagaragaye ko igabanuka ritari umurongo ugororotse hamwe n’ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Iki kintu giterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’imitingito ya molekile ibangamira uburinganire bwa H+ mu gisubizo, bigatuma habaho ioni [H]+ ndetse, bigatuma habaho impinduka mu gaciro ka pH. Nubwo pH karemano ya aside citric iri hagati ya 3 na 5, kuba hari aside hidrojeni muri glycerol birushaho kugabanya pH kugeza kuri 1.91.
Imyitwarire ya pH ya NADES ishingiye kuri citrate mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 25–60 °C ishobora gugaragazwa neza n'ikigereranyo (5), gitanga ishusho y'imibare y'icyerekezo cya pH cyagaragaye. Ishusho ya 7 igaragaza neza iyi sano ishimishije, igaragaza ingaruka z'ubushyuhe kuri pH ya NADES, bivugwa ko ari 1.4% kuri AMPE.
Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric (TGA) rya aside citric deep eutectic solvent (NADES) karemano ryakozwe mu buryo burambuye mu bushyuhe kuva ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba kugeza kuri 500 °C. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8a na b, igihombo cya mbere cyageze kuri 100 °C cyatewe ahanini n'amazi yanyowe n'amazi ajyanye na aside citric na glycerol nziza. Uburemere bunini bwagaragaye bugera kuri 88% kugeza kuri 180 °C, byatewe ahanini no kubora kwa aside citric na aside aconitic hanyuma hagakurikiraho ikorwa rya methylmaleic anhydride (III) iyo ikomeje gushyuha (Ishusho ya 8 b). Hejuru ya 180 °C, hashobora kugaragara neza acrolein (acrylaldehyde) muri glycerol, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8b37.
Isesengura rya glycerol rya Thermogravimetric (TGA) ryagaragaje inzira yo gutakaza uburemere mu byiciro bibiri. Intambwe ya mbere (180 kugeza 220 °C) ikubiyemo ikorwa rya acroleine, hagakurikiraho gutakaza uburemere ku bushyuhe bwinshi kuva kuri 230 kugeza 300 °C (Ishusho ya 8a). Uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, acetaldehyde, dioxyde de carbone, methane, na hydrogen bigenda byiyongera. Ikigaragara ni uko 28% by'uburemere gusa byagumanye kuri 300 °C, bigaragaza ko imiterere y'ibanze ya NADES 8 (a) 38,39 ishobora kuba ifite inenge.
Kugira ngo haboneke amakuru ajyanye n’ishyirwaho ry’imigozi mishya ya shimi, imigozi mishya yateguwe ya solvents karemano za eutectic (NADES) yasesenguwe na Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Isesengura ryakozwe hagereranywa spectrum ya suspension ya NADES na spectra ya aside citric pure (CA) na glycerol (Gly). Imigozi ya CA yagaragaje uburebure bugaragara kuri 1752 1/cm na 1673 1/cm, bigaragaza imigozi yo kurekura ya C=O kandi ni nabyo biranga CA. Byongeye kandi, impinduka ikomeye mu migozi ya OH kuri 1360 1/cm yagaragaye mu gace k’urutoki, nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 9.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ku bijyanye na glycerol, impinduka za OH stretching na vibration zihindagurika zabonetse ku mibare y'imiraba ya 3291 1/cm na 1414 1/cm, uko bikurikirana. Noneho, mu gusesengura spectrum ya NADES yateguwe, habonetse impinduka ikomeye muri spectrum. Nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7, vibration ya stretching ya C=O bond yavuye kuri 1752 1/cm ijya kuri 1720 1/cm naho vibration ya glycerol ya stretching ya -OH yavuye kuri 1414 1/cm ijya kuri 1359 1/cm. Izi mpinduka mu mibare y'imiraba zigaragaza impinduka mu bijyanye na electronegativity, bigaragaza ishyirwaho ry'imibare mishya ya chemical mu miterere ya NADES.