Ibikoresho byo ku meza bya Melamine bigufasha kuba ku meza yawe utitaye ku kwangiza ishano yawe nziza. Menya uburyo ibi bikoresho byaje kuba ingenzi mu mafunguro ya buri munsi mu myaka ya 1950 na nyuma yaho.
Leanne Potts ni umunyamakuru watsindiye ibihembo umaze imyaka mirongo itatu akora ku bijyanye n'igishushanyo mbonera n'imiturire. Ni inzobere muri byose kuva ku guhitamo ibara ry'icyumba kugeza ku guhinga inyanya z'umwimerere kugeza ku nkomoko y'ubuhanga mu gushushanya imbere. Ibihangano bye byagaragaye kuri HGTV, Parade, BHG, Travel Channel na Bob Vila.
Marcus Reeves ni umwanditsi w’inararibonye, ​​umusohora ibitabo, n’umugenzuzi w’amakuru. Yatangiye kwandika raporo z’ikinyamakuru The Source. Umurimo we wagaragaye muri The New York Times, Playboy, The Washington Post na Rolling Stone, n’ibindi bitabo. Igitabo cye, Someone Screamed: The Rise of Rap in the Black Power Aftershock, cyatoranijwe mu gihembo cya Zora Neale Hurston Award. Ni umwarimu wungirije muri Kaminuza ya New York, aho yigisha kwandika no gutumanaho. Marcus yabonye impamyabumenyi ye ya kaminuza muri Kaminuza ya Rutgers i New Brunswick, muri New Jersey.
Muri Amerika nyuma y’intambara, agace gasanzwe k’abantu bo mu rwego rwo hagati karangwaga n’amafunguro yo kuri patio, abana benshi, n’ibirori byo kwidagadura aho utarotaga kujya gusangira n’ibishinwa byiza n’ibitambaro biremereye byo ku meza bya damask. Ahubwo, ibikoresho byo mu gikoresho byakundwaga cyane muri icyo gihe byari ibikoresho bya pulasitiki, cyane cyane ibyakozwe muri melamine.
“Melamine ifasha cyane muri ubu buzima bwa buri munsi,” ibi ni ibyavuzwe na Dr. Anna Ruth Gatling, umwarimu wungirije mu bijyanye no gushushanya imbere muri Kaminuza ya Auburn wigisha amasomo ku mateka y’ibishushanyo mbonera imbere.
Melamine ni resin ya pulasitiki yavumbuwe n'umumeyi w'Umudage Justus von Liebig mu myaka ya 1830. Ariko, kubera ko ibikoresho byari bihenze gukora kandi von Liebig atigeze ahitamo icyo gukora n'ubuvumbuzi bwe, byamaze ikinyejana kitaragera. Mu myaka ya 1930, iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryatumye melamine ihenda kuyikora, bityo abashushanya batangiye gutekereza icyo bayikoramo, amaherezo bavumbura ko ubwo bwoko bwa thermoset plastic bushobora gushyushya no guhindurwamo ibikoresho byo kurya bihendutse kandi bikorerwa ku bwinshi.
Mu ntangiriro zayo, Cyanamid yo muri Amerika ikorera muri New Jersey yari imwe mu nganda zikomeye zikora ifu ya melamine mu nganda zikora pulasitiki. Banditse pulasitiki yabo ya melamine ku izina ry'ikirango "Melmac". Nubwo iyi pulasitiki ikoreshwa kandi mu gukora amasashe y'amasaha, imigozi y'amatanura n'imigozi yo mu nzu, ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibikoresho byo ku meza.
Ibikoresho byo ku meza bya Melamine byakoreshejwe cyane mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose kandi byakorerwaga ingabo, amashuri n'ibitaro ku bwinshi. Kubera ko ibyuma n'ibindi bikoresho byari bike, plastiki nshya ifatwa nk'ibikoresho by'ejo hazaza. Bitandukanye n'izindi plastiki za kera nka Bakelite, melamine irakomera kandi irakomeye bihagije ku buryo ishobora kwihanganira gukaraba no gushyuha buri gihe.
Nyuma y’intambara, ibikoresho byo ku meza bya melamine byinjiye mu mazu ibihumbi ku bwinshi. Gatlin yagize ati: “Mu myaka ya 1940 hari inganda eshatu nini za melamine, ariko mu myaka ya 1950 hari amagana.” Bimwe mu bikoresho byo guteka bya melamine bizwi cyane birimo Branchell, Texas Ware, Lenox Ware, Prolon, Mar-crest, Boontonware, na Raffia Ware.
Ubwo Abanyamerika babarirwa muri za miriyoni bimukiraga mu nkengero z'umujyi nyuma y'izamuka ry'ubukungu nyuma y'intambara, baguze ibikoresho byo kurya bya melamine kugira ngo bijyane n'amazu yabo mashya n'imibereho yabo. Kuba mu nzu y'abashyitsi byabaye ikintu gishya gikunzwe cyane, kandi imiryango ikeneye ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bihendutse bishobora kujyanwa hanze. Mu gihe cy'izamuka ry'uburumbuke bw'abana, melamine yari ibikoresho byiza cyane muri icyo gihe. Gatlin yagize ati: “Amasahani ntabwo asanzwe kandi ntugomba kwitonda. Urashobora kuyajugunya!”
Kwamamaza kuva icyo gihe byashimagijwe ibikoresho byo guteka bya Melmac nk'ikintu gitangaje cyo "kubaho mu buryo butari bwo mu muco wa kera." Irindi tangazo rya Branchell's Color-Flyte ryo mu myaka ya 1950 ryavugaga ko ibikoresho byo guteka "byizewe ko bitazacika, bitazacika cyangwa ngo bimeneke." Amabara akunzwe cyane arimo umutuku, ubururu, turquoise, mente, umuhondo n'umweru, hamwe n'imiterere y'ijimetero irabagirana mu buryo bw'indabyo cyangwa atome.
“Uburumbuke bwo mu myaka ya 1950 bwari butandukanye n’ubundi myaka icumi,” Gatlin yagize ati. Icyizere cy’icyo gihe kigaragarira mu mabara meza n’imiterere y’ibi biryo, nk’uko yabitangaje. “Ibikoresho byo ku meza bya Melamine bifite imiterere y’ubugeni yo mu kinyejana cya hagati, nk’ibikombe bito n’udukombe duto twiza, bituma biba umwihariko,” uko ni ko Gatlin abivuga. Abaguzi barashishikarizwa kuvanga no guhuza amabara kugira ngo bongere ubuhanzi n’imitako mu buryo bwiza.
Igice cyiza ni uko Melmac ihendutse cyane: seti y'abantu bane yaguraga hafi $15 mu myaka ya 1950 naho ubu ikaba $175. Gatlin yagize ati: “Ntabwo ari iby'agaciro. Ushobora kwemera ibigezweho no kwerekana imiterere yawe kuko ufite amahitamo yo kubisimbura nyuma y'imyaka mike ukabona amabara mashya.”
Imiterere y'ibikoresho byo ku meza bya melamine nayo iratangaje. Cyanamid y'Umunyamerika yahaye akazi umuhanga mu by'inganda Russell Wright, wazanye ubunararibonye ku meza y'Abanyamerika akoresheje ubwoko bwe bw'ibikoresho byo ku meza bya American Modern bya Steubenville Pottery Company, kugira ngo akore ubumaji bwe akoresheje ibikoresho byo ku meza bya pulasitiki. Wright yashushanyije ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo ku meza bya Melmac bya Northern Plastics Company, yatsindiye igihembo cy'Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Ubugeni bwa none kubera igishushanyo mbonera cyiza mu 1953. Icyegeranyo cyitwaga "Home" cyari kimwe mu byegeranyo byakunzwe cyane bya Melmac mu myaka ya 1950.
Mu myaka ya 1970, imashini zoza amasahani na mikoroonde zabaye ibikoresho by'ingenzi mu gikoni cyo muri Amerika, kandi ibikoresho byo guteka bya melamine byaratakaye. Plastike nziza yo mu myaka ya 1950 ntiyari ifite umutekano mu gukoreshwa mu bikoresho byo guteka byombi, yasimbuwe na Corelle nk'amahitamo meza yo guteka buri munsi.
Ariko, mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000, melamine yavuguruwe hamwe n'ibikoresho byo mu nzu bigezweho byo mu kinyejana cya hagati. Urutonde rw'umwimerere rwo mu myaka ya 1950 rwabaye ibikoresho byo gukusanya ibikoresho maze hashyirwaho ubwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho byo ku meza bya melamine.
Impinduka mu bya tekiniki ku ifuru ya melamine n'uburyo ikorwa bituma ikoreshwa mu koza amasahani mu buryo butekanye kandi ikayiha ubuzima bushya. Muri icyo gihe, abantu benshi bashishikajwe no gukomeza ibidukikije byatumye melamine iba uburyo buzwi bwo gusimbura amasahani akoreshwa rimwe gusa, ahita ashyirwa mu myanda nyuma yo kuyikoresha rimwe.
Ariko, nk'uko Ikigo gishinzwe ibiribwa n'imiti muri Amerika kibitangaza, melamine ntabwo ikwiriye gushyushya muri mikoroonde, bigatuma idashobora kongera kugaruka, yaba ishaje cyangwa nshya.
Gatlin yagize ati: “Muri iki gihe cyo koroherwa, bitandukanye n’uko byari bimeze mu myaka ya 1950, ibyo bikoresho byo ku meza bya melamine bishaje ntibishoboka ko bikoreshwa buri munsi.” Fata ibikoresho byo ku meza bya melamine biramba byo mu myaka ya 1950 witonze nk’uko wafata ibintu bya kera. Mu kinyejana cya 21, amasahani ya pulasitiki ashobora kuba ibintu by’agaciro byo gukusanya, naho melamine ya kera ishobora kuba iy’ubushinwa bwiza.