Iyi nkuru ni igice cy'insanganyamatsiko y'ubushakashatsi igira iti “Ikoreshwa ry'imiti irwanya udukoko, ubudahangarwa bw'imiti irwanya udukoko n'ibinyabuzima by'inyamaswa zirya”. Reba ingingo zose 13
Aside organic ikomeje gukenerwa cyane nk'inyongera mu biryo by'amatungo. Kugeza ubu, hibanzwe ku mutekano w'ibiribwa, cyane cyane kugabanya umubare w'udukoko twandura mu biribwa mu nkoko no mu zindi nyamaswa. Aside organic nyinshi ziri kwigwaho cyangwa zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi. Muri aside organic nyinshi zakoreweho ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, aside formike ni imwe muri zo. Aside formike yongerwa mu ndyo y'inkoko kugira ngo igabanye ubukana bwa Salmonella n'izindi ndwara zandura mu biribwa no mu nzira y'igifu nyuma yo kurya. Uko gusobanukirwa akamaro n'ingaruka za aside formike ku ndwara zikomoka ku nyamaswa n'izikomoka ku biribwa bigenda bikura, biragaragara ko kuba aside formike bishobora gutera inzira runaka muri Salmonella. Iki gisubizo gishobora kugorana cyane iyo aside formike yinjiye mu nzira y'igifu kandi ikagirana ingaruka na Salmonella yamaze kwigarurira inzira y'igifu gusa ahubwo no ku bimera bya mikorobe byo mu mara. Isuzuma rizasuzuma ibisubizo biriho ubu n'amahirwe yo gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku mikorobe z'inkoko n'ibiryo byavuwe na aside formike.
Mu bworozi bw'amatungo n'inkoko, ikibazo ni ugushyiraho ingamba zo gucunga zinoza imikurire n'umusaruro mu gihe bigabanya ingaruka ku mutekano w'ibiribwa. Mu mateka, gutanga imiti yica udukoko ku rugero rudakoreshwa mu buvuzi byazamuye ubuzima bw'amatungo, imibereho myiza n'umusaruro (1–3). Mu buryo bw'imikorere, byavuzwe ko imiti yica udukoko itangwa ku rugero rudakoreshwa mu kugabanya ingaruka ku mubiri w'inyamaswa ihindura uburyo ibimera byo mu gifu (GI) bitera imbaraga mu guhindura uburyo ibimera bimera mu gifu (GI), bityo bigatuma bihura n'umuntu urya udukoko (3). Ariko, impungenge zikomeje ku bijyanye n'ikwirakwira ry'udukoko twanduza ibiryo ndetse n'isano ryabyo n'indwara zandura zidakoreshwa mu mubiri w'umuntu zatumye habaho guhagarika ikoreshwa rya miti yica udukoko mu matungo (4–8). Kubwibyo, iterambere ry'inyongera ku biryo n'ibitera imbaraga byujuje nibura bimwe muri ibi bisabwa (kunoza ubuzima bw'amatungo, imibereho myiza, n'umusaruro) ni ingenzi cyane haba mu bushakashatsi bw'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ubucuruzi (5, 9). Inyongera zitandukanye z'ibiryo by'amatungo zinjiye ku isoko ry'ibiribwa by'amatungo, harimo probiotics, prebiotics, amavuta y'ingenzi n'ibindi bifitanye isano biva mu bimera bitandukanye, n'imiti nka aldehydes (10–14). Izindi nyongeramusaruro zikoreshwa mu bucuruzi mu nkoko zirimo bacteriophages, zinc oxide, enzymes zo hanze, ibicuruzwa bihangana, n'ibinyabutabire bya aside (15, 16).
Mu binyabutabire bihari, aldehydes na aside organic ni byo bintu byiga cyane kandi bikoreshwa cyane mu mateka (12, 17–21). Aside organic, cyane cyane aside fatty acids (SCFAs) zizwi cyane mu kurwanya bagiteri zitera indwara. Izi aside organic zikoreshwa nk'inyongera ku biryo, atari mu rwego rwo kugabanya gusa ko hari udukoko mu matrix y'ibiryo, ahubwo no kugira ingaruka ku mikorere y'igifu (17, 20–24). Byongeye kandi, SCFAs zikorwa no guhinga ibimera byo mu mara mu nzira y'igifu kandi bikekwa ko zigira uruhare runini mu bushobozi bwa zimwe mu probiotics na prebiotics bwo kurwanya udukoko twinjira mu nzira y'igifu (21, 23, 25).
Mu myaka yashize, aside fatty nyinshi zo mu miyoboro migufi (SCFAs) zakuruye cyane nk'inyongeramusaruro ku biryo. By'umwihariko, propionate, butyrate, na formate byagiye bisuzumwa mu bushakashatsi bwinshi no mu bucuruzi (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwibanze ku kugenzura indwara ziterwa n'ibiryo mu biryo by'amatungo n'inkoko, ubushakashatsi buherutse kwibanda ku kunoza imikorere y'amatungo n'ubuzima bw'igifu (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, na butyrate byakuruye cyane nk'inyongeramusaruro ku biryo by'aside organic, muri byo aside formic nayo ikaba ari nziza (21, 23). Hibanzwe cyane ku bijyanye n'umutekano w'ibiribwa bya aside formic, cyane cyane ku kugabanya umubare w'indwara ziterwa n'ibiryo mu biryo by'amatungo. Ariko, hari n'izindi nzira zishoboka zo gukoresha. Intego rusange y'iri suzuma ni ukureba amateka n'uko aside formic ihagaze ubu nk'umuti wongera ibiryo by'amatungo (Ishusho ya 1). Muri ubu bushakashatsi, tuzasuzuma uburyo aside formic itera bagiteri. Byongeye kandi, tuzareba neza ingaruka zayo ku matungo n'inkoko, tunaganire ku buryo bushoboka bwo kunoza imikorere yayo.
Ishusho ya 1. Imbonerahamwe y'ingingo zavuzwe muri iri suzuma. By'umwihariko, intego rusange zikurikira zibanze kuri: gusobanura amateka n'uko aside formike ihagaze ubu nk'umuti wongera ibiryo by'amatungo, uburyo aside formike irwanya udukoko n'ingaruka zo kuyikoresha ku buzima bw'amatungo n'inkoko, hamwe n'uburyo bushoboka bwo kunoza imikorere yayo.
Gutunganya ibiryo by'amatungo n'inkoko ni igikorwa kigoye gikubiyemo intambwe nyinshi, harimo gutunganya ibinyampeke mu buryo bufatika (urugero, gusya kugira ngo bigabanye ubunini bw'udukoko), gutunganya ubushyuhe kugira ngo bitwikwe, no kongeramo intungamubiri nyinshi mu mirire bitewe n'ibyo inyamaswa ikeneye mu mirire (27). Bitewe n'ubu buryo bugoye, ntibitangaje kuba gutunganya ibiryo bishyira ibinyampeke mu bintu bitandukanye bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije mbere yuko bigera ku ruganda rw'ibiryo, mu gihe cyo kubisya, ndetse no mu gihe cyo kubitwara no kubigaburira mu biryo by'ibiryo (9, 21, 28). Bityo, mu myaka yashize, itsinda ry'udukoko dutandukanye cyane ryagaragaye mu biryo, harimo bagiteri ndetse na bacteriophages, fungi, n'umusemburo (9, 21, 28–31). Bimwe muri ibyo binyabutabire, nk'ibihumyo bimwe na bimwe, bishobora gutera uburozi bwa mycotoxins buteza ingaruka ku buzima bw'amatungo (32–35).
Imiterere y’udukoko ishobora kuba itandukanye cyane kandi iterwa ku rugero runaka n’uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutandukanya no kumenya udukoko ndetse n’aho icyitegererezo gikomoka. Urugero, imiterere y’udukoko ishobora gutandukana mbere yo kuvurwa ubushyuhe bujyanye no gucukura (36). Nubwo culture ya kera n’uburyo bwo gupfunyika plate byatanze amakuru amwe, ikoreshwa riherutse ry’uburyo bwa 16S rRNA based next-generation sequencing (NGS) ryatanze isuzuma ryimbitse ry’umuryango wa mikorobe zo mu ifu y’ingano (9). Ubwo Solanki et al. (37) basuzumaga mikorobe za bagiteri zo mu ngano zibitswe igihe runaka mu gihe hari fosfine, umuti urwanya udukoko, basanze mikorobe zari zitandukanye cyane nyuma yo gusarurwa na nyuma y’amezi 3 yo kubibika. Byongeye kandi, Solanki et al. (37) (37) bagaragaje ko Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, na Planctomyces ari zo ngano ziganje mu ngano, Bacillus, Erwinia, na Pseudomonas zikaba zari amoko yiganje, naho Enterobacteriaceae zikaba zari nke. Bashingiye ku kugereranya ibintu, basanze fosphine fumigation yahinduye cyane umubare wa bagiteri ariko ntacyo yahinduye ku bwoko bw'ibihumyo.
Solanki n'abandi (37) bagaragaje ko aho ibiryo bikomoka hashobora no kuba harimo udukoko twanduza ibiribwa dushobora guteza ibibazo by'ubuzima rusange hashingiwe ku kugaragara kwa Enterobacteriaceae muri mikorobe. Udukoko twanduza ibiribwa nka Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157: H7, na Listeria monocytogenes byagiye bifitanye isano n'ibiryo by'amatungo na silage (9, 31, 38). Kuba izindi ndwara zanduza ibiribwa zikomeza mu biryo by'amatungo n'inkoko ntibiramenyekana kugeza ubu. Ge n'abandi (39) basuzumye ibintu birenga 200 by'ibiryo by'amatungo ndetse na Salmonella, E. coli, na Enterococci, ariko ntibabonye E. coli O157: H7 cyangwa Campylobacter. Ariko, matrices nk'ibiryo byumye bishobora kuba isoko ya E. coli itera indwara. Mu gukurikirana inkomoko y’icyorezo cya Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 na O26 zikomoka kuri Shiga toxin zifitanye isano n’indwara z’abantu mu 2016, Crowe et al. (40) bakoresheje uburyo bwose bwo gusesengura genome kugira ngo bagereranye ubwoko bw’udukoko twanduye n’udukoko twakuwe mu biribwa. Bashingiye kuri iri gereranya, basanze isoko ishobora kuba ifu y’ingano mbisi iva mu nganda zitunganya ifu. Ubushuhe buke bw’ifu y’ingano bugaragaza ko STEC ishobora no kubaho mu biryo by’amatungo bidafite ubushuhe bwinshi. Ariko, nk’uko Crowe et al. (40) babivuga, gutandukanya STEC n’udukoko tw’ifu biragoye kandi bisaba uburyo bwo gutandukanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri kugira ngo hagaruke umubare uhagije w’uturemangingo twa bagiteri. Uburyo nk’ubwo bwo gusuzuma bushobora kandi kugorana kubona no gutandukanya udukoko duke dukomoka ku biribwa mu biryo by’amatungo. Ubushuhe bwo kubibona bushobora kandi guterwa no kumara igihe kirekire utu dukoko mu bice bifite ubushuhe buke. Forghani et al. (41) byagaragaje ko ifu y'ingano yabitswe ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba igaterwa uruvange rw'itsinda rya serogroups za Escherichia coli (EHEC) O45, O121, na O145 na Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, na S. Anatum) byashoboraga gupimwa mu minsi 84 na 112 kandi bikagaragara mu byumweru 24 na 52.
Mu mateka, Campylobacter ntiyigeze ivanwa mu biryo by'amatungo n'inkoko hakoreshejwe uburyo gakondo bwo korora (38, 39), nubwo Campylobacter ishobora kuvanwa mu buryo bworoshye mu gifu cy'inkoko n'ibikomoka ku nkoko (42, 43). Ariko, ibiryo biracyafite ibyiza byabyo nk'isoko ishobora kuba isoko. Urugero, Alves et al. (44) bagaragaje ko gutera ibiryo by'inkoko byabyibushye hamwe na C. jejuni hanyuma bikabikwa ku bushyuhe bubiri butandukanye mu gihe cy'iminsi 3 cyangwa 5 byatumye C. jejuni ikora neza igaruka, ndetse rimwe na rimwe ikanakwirakwira. Banzuye ko C. jejuni ishobora kubaho mu biryo by'inkoko, bityo ikaba ishobora kuba isoko y'ubwandu ku nkoko.
Ukwanduza kwa Salmonella ku biryo by'amatungo n'inkoko byakunze kwitabwaho cyane mu bihe byashize kandi biracyari ingenzi mu bikorwa bikomeje gukorwa kugira ngo hatezwe imbere uburyo bwo kuvumbura bukoreshwa cyane cyane ku biryo no gushaka ingamba zo kubigenzura neza (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwasuzumye uburyo Salmonella yakuwe mu gace n'aho iboneka mu bigo bitandukanye by'ibiribwa n'inganda zitunganya ibiryo (38, 39, 54–61). Muri rusange, ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko Salmonella ishobora gukurwa mu bintu bitandukanye by'ibiryo, aho ibiryo bituruka, ubwoko bw'ibiryo, n'ibikorwa byo gukora ibiryo. Igipimo cy'ubwiyongere bw'ibiryo n'ubwoko bwa Salmonella bwiganjemo nabyo byaratandukanye. Urugero, Li et al. (57) bemeje ko Salmonella spp. Yabonetse muri 12.5% ​​by'ibipimo 2058 byakusanyijwe mu biryo byuzuye by'amatungo, ibikoresho by'ibiryo, ibiryo by'amatungo, ibiryo by'amatungo, n'inyongera mu gihe cyo gukusanya amakuru kuva mu 2002 kugeza 2009. Byongeye kandi, serotype zikunze kugaragara mu 12.5% ​​by'ibipimo bya Salmonella byagaragaye ko ari S. Senftenberg na S. Montevideo (57). Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ku biribwa byiteguye kuribwa n'ibikomoka ku biryo by'amatungo muri Texas, Hsieh n'abandi (58) bavuze ko ikwirakwira ryinshi rya Salmonella riri mu ifu y'amafi, hagakurikiraho poroteyine z'amatungo, aho S. Mbanka na S. Montevideo ari zo serotype zikunze kugaragara cyane. Imashini zitunganya ibiryo by'amatungo nazo zigaragaza ahantu henshi hashobora kwanduza ibiryo mu gihe cyo kuvanga no kongeramo ibintu (9, 56, 61). Magossi n'abandi (61) bashoboye kugaragaza ko ahantu henshi hashobora kwanduza ibiryo mu gihe cyo gukora ibiryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Mu by'ukuri, Magossi n'abandi (61) basanze nibura ubwoko bumwe bwiza bwa Salmonella mu nganda 11 zitunganya ibiryo by'amatungo (ahantu 12 ho gufatira ingero) muri leta umunani muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Bitewe n’uko hari amahirwe menshi yo kwanduza Salmonella mu gihe cyo gufata ibiryo, kubitwara no kubigaburira buri munsi, ntibitangaje kuba hari gushyirwa imbaraga nyinshi mu guteza imbere ibiryo bishobora kugabanya no kugumana urwego ruto rw’udukoko mu gihe cyose inyamaswa zikora.
Bike birazwi ku buryo Salmonella ikora neza iyo ikoresheje aside formike. Ariko, Huang n'abandi (62) bagaragaje ko aside formike iri mu mara mato y'inyamabere kandi ko Salmonella spp. ishobora gukora aside formike. Huang n'abandi (62) bakoresheje urukurikirane rw'ibintu byahinduwe mu nzira z'ingenzi kugira ngo bamenye uko imiterere ya jeni za Salmonella igaragara, maze basanga formike ishobora gukora nk'ikimenyetso gikwirakwiza Salmonella mu turemangingo twa epithelial twa Hep-2. Vuba aha, Liu n'abandi (63) bavumbuye igikoresho gitwara formike, FocA, gikomoka kuri Salmonella typhimurium gikora nk'umuyoboro wihariye wa formike kuri pH 7.0 ariko gishobora no gukora nk'umuyoboro wo kohereza hanze udafite pH nyinshi cyangwa nk'umuyoboro wa kabiri wa formike/hydrogen ion uturuka kuri pH nke. Ariko, ubu bushakashatsi bwakorewe kuri serotype imwe gusa ya S. Typhimurium. Ikibazo gisigaye ni ukumenya niba serotype zose zisubiza aside formike zikoresheje uburyo busa. Iki gikomeje kuba ikibazo cy'ingenzi cy'ubushakashatsi kigomba kwitabwaho mu bushakashatsi bw'ejo hazaza. Uko ibisubizo byavamo byaba biri kose, ni byiza gukoresha ubwoko bwinshi bwa Salmonella cyangwa ubwoko bwinshi bwa buri bwoko bwa serotype mu igerageza ryo gusuzuma iyo habayeho inama rusange zo gukoresha inyunganiramirire ya aside kugira ngo hagabanuke urugero rwa Salmonella mu biryo. Uburyo bushya, nko gukoresha uburyo bwo gushushanya ubwoko bw’uturemangingo kugira ngo hamenyekane ubwoko butandukanye bw’ubwoko bumwe bwa serotype (9, 64), butanga amahirwe yo kumenya itandukaniro rito rishobora kugira ingaruka ku myanzuro no gusobanura itandukaniro.
Imiterere y’imiti n’uburyo bwo kwitandukanya kwa formate nabyo bishobora kuba ingenzi. Mu bushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe, Beyer n’abandi (65–67) bagaragaje ko gukumira Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, na Campylobacter coli byari bifitanye isano n’ingano ya aside formic yatandukanijwe kandi bitari bifitanye isano na pH cyangwa aside formic yatandukanijwe. Imiterere ya formate bagiteri zihura nayo isa nkaho ari ingenzi. Kovanda n’abandi (68) basuzumye ibinyabuzima byinshi bya Gram-negative na Gram-positive kandi bagereranya ibipimo byibuze byo gukumira (MICs) bya sodium formate (500–25.000 mg/L) n’uruvange rwa sodium formate na free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10.000 mg/L). Bashingiye ku gaciro ka MIC, basanze sodium formate irinda gusa Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, na Streptococcus pneumoniae, ariko ntibarinda Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, cyangwa Enterococcus faecalis. Mu buryo bunyuranye, uruvange rwa sodium formate na sodium free formate byari bibangamiye ibinyabuzima byose, bituma abanditsi bafata umwanzuro ko aside free formic ifite imiterere myinshi ya antimicrobial. Byaba bishimishije gusuzuma ingano zitandukanye z'izi ngirabuzimafatizo ebyiri kugira ngo hamenyekane niba urwego rw'agaciro ka MIC rufitanye isano n'urwego rwa aside formic ruri muri formula ivanze n'igisubizo cya aside formic 100%.
Gomez-Garcia n'abandi (69) bagerageje uruvange rw'amavuta y'ingenzi na aside organic (nka aside formique) ku bimera byinshi bya Escherichia coli, Salmonella, na Clostridium perfringens byakuwe mu ngurube. Bagerageje ubushobozi bwa aside organic esheshatu, harimo aside formique, n'amavuta original atandatu ku bimera by'ingurube, bakoresheje formaldehyde nk'igenzura ryiza. Gomez-García n'abandi (69) bagennye MIC50, MBC50, na MIC50/MBC50 bya aside formique kuri Escherichia coli (600 na 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 na 2400 ppm, 4), na Clostridium perfringens (1200 na 2400 ppm, 2), muri byo aside formique byagaragaye ko bigira akamaro kurusha aside organic zose kuri E. coli na Salmonella. (69) Aside formike igira ingaruka nziza ku ndwara ya Escherichia coli na Salmonella bitewe n'uko ifite ingano ntoya ya molekile n'urunigi rurerure (70).
Beyer n'abandi basuzumye ubwoko bwa Campylobacter bwakuwe mu ngurube (66) n'ubwoko bwa Campylobacter jejuni bwakuwe mu nkoko (67) kandi bagaragaje ko aside formike yitandukanya n'ibipimo bihuye n'ibisubizo bya MIC byapimwe ku zindi aside organic. Ariko, ubushobozi bw'izi aside, harimo na aside formike, bwarakemanzwe kuko Campylobacter ishobora gukoresha izi aside nk'ibice (66, 67). Ikoreshwa rya aside ya C. jejuni ntabwo ritangaje kuko byagaragaye ko ifite metabolism idakoresha glycolytic. Bityo, C. jejuni ifite ubushobozi buke bwo gukabya karubohidrati kandi ishingira kuri gluconeogenesis iva muri aside amine na aside organic mu gihe kinini cy'ingufu zayo mu metabolisme no mu gukora biosynthesis (71, 72). Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Line n'abandi (73) bwakoresheje urutonde rwa phenotypic rurimo amasoko 190 ya karubohidrati kandi bwerekanye ko C. jejuni 11168 (GS) ishobora gukoresha aside organic nk'isoko ya karubohidrati, inyinshi muri zo zikaba ari intermediate ya tricarboxylic acid cycle. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Wagli n'abandi. (74) hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukoresha karuboni bwa phenotypic byagaragaje ko ubwoko bwa C. jejuni na E. coli bwasuzumwe mu bushakashatsi bwabo bushobora gukura kuri aside organic nk'isoko ya karuboni. Formate ni yo itanga electron nini mu mikorere y'ingufu z'ubuhumekero za C. jejuni, bityo ikaba isoko y'ingufu nini za C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni irashobora gukoresha formate nk'umutanga hydrogen binyuze muri membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex ikora oxidize formate kuri karuboni dioxyde, protons, na electrons kandi ikaba umutanga electron mu guhumeka (72).
Aside formike imaze igihe kinini ikoreshwa nk'umuti wongera udukoko, ariko udukoko tumwe na tumwe dushobora no gukora aside formike kugira ngo ikoreshwe nk'umuti wo kwirinda udukoko. Rossini n'abandi (76) bavuze ko aside formike ishobora kuba igize umunyu wa aside w'udukoko twavuzwe na Ray (77) mu myaka hafi 350 ishize. Kuva icyo gihe, gusobanukirwa kwacu ku ikorwa rya aside formike mu dukoko n'utundi dukoko byariyongereye cyane, kandi ubu bizwi ko iyi nzira ari igice cy'uburyo bukomeye bwo kurinda uburozi mu dukoko (78). Amatsinda atandukanye y'udukoko, harimo inzuki zitagira amenyo, udukoko two mu bwoko bwa Hymenoptera: Apidae, udukoko two mu butaka (Galerita lecontei na G. janus), udukoko tutagira amenyo (Formicinae), n'udukoko tumwe na tumwe (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), tuzwiho gukora aside formike nk'umuti wo kwirinda (76, 78–82).
Inyoni zishobora kuba zizwi cyane kuko zifite aside, imyobo yihariye ituma zishobora gutera uburozi bugizwe ahanini na aside formike (82). Inyoni zikoresha serine nk'intangiriro kandi zibika ingano nini ya formike mu ngirabuzimafatizo zazo z'uburozi, zikaba zihagije kugira ngo zirinde inyoni ubwazo uburozi bwa formike kugeza igihe iterewe (78, 83). Aside formike zisohora zishobora (1) gukora nk'ikimenyetso cy'uburozi kugira ngo zikureho izindi nyoni; (2) kuba imiti yo kwirinda inyamaswa zihanganye n'izirya; na (3) gukora nk'umuti urwanya udukoko na bagiteri iyo zihujwe na resin nk'igice cy'ibikoresho byo mu cyaro (78, 82, 84–88). Aside formike ikorwa n'inyoni ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya udukoko, bigaragaza ko ishobora gukoreshwa nk'inyongera ku mubiri. Ibi byagaragajwe na Bruch et al. (88), bongeyeho aside formike y'ubukorano kuri resin kandi bakongera cyane imikorere y'inyoni. Ikindi kimenyetso cy'ubushobozi bwa aside formike n'akamaro kayo mu binyabuzima ni uko inyamaswa nini zo mu bwoko bwa anteatres, zidashobora gukora aside yo mu gifu, zirya inkende zirimo aside formike kugira ngo zibone aside formike nyinshi nk'indi aside yo mu gifu (89).
Imikoreshereze ifatika ya aside formike mu buhinzi imaze imyaka myinshi yigwa kandi ikoreshwa. By'umwihariko, aside formike ishobora gukoreshwa nk'inyongera ku biryo by'amatungo na silage. Sodium formate mu buryo bukomeye n'ubw'amazi ifatwa nk'ifite umutekano ku moko yose y'inyamaswa, abaguzi n'ibidukikije (90). Hashingiwe ku isuzuma ryabo (90), igipimo ntarengwa cya 10.000 mg formike equivalents/kg by'ibiryo byafashwe nk'ifite umutekano ku moko yose y'inyamaswa, mu gihe igipimo ntarengwa cya 12.000 mg formike equivalents/kg by'ibiryo byafatwaga nk'ifite umutekano ku ngurube. Imikoreshereze ya aside formike nk'umuti wongera ibiryo by'amatungo imaze imyaka myinshi yigwa. Ifatwa nk'ifite agaciro k'ubucuruzi nk'umuti wo kubungabunga silage n'umuti urwanya udukoko mu biryo by'amatungo n'inkoko.
Inyongeramusaruro nka aside zagiye ziba ingenzi mu gukora silage no gucunga ibiryo by’amatungo (91, 92). Borreani n'abandi (91) bavuze ko kugira ngo silage nziza igere ku musaruro mwiza, ni ngombwa kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw’ibyatsi mu gihe hagumana ibintu byumye byinshi bishoboka. Ingaruka z’ubu buryo bwo kunoza ni ukugabanya igihombo mu byiciro byose by’uburyo bwo gusya: kuva ku miterere ya mbere y’ubushyuhe mu sila kugeza ku gusya nyuma, kubika no kongera gufungura silage kugira ngo igaburirwe. Uburyo bwihariye bwo kunoza umusaruro wa silage yo mu murima no gusya nyuma ya silage bwavuzweho birambuye ahandi (91, 93-95) kandi ntabwo bizavugwaho birambuye hano. Ikibazo nyamukuru ni ukwangirika kwa ogisijeni guterwa n’umusemburo n’ibimera iyo ogisijeni iri muri silage (91, 92). Kubwibyo, hashyizweho imiti ikingira ibimera n’inyongeramusaruro za chimique kugira ngo harwanywe ingaruka mbi zo kwangirika (91, 92). Izindi ngingo zigomba kwitabwaho ku birebana n’inyongeramusaruro zikomoka kuri silage zirimo kugabanya ikwirakwira ry’udukoko dushobora kuba turi muri silage (urugero: E. coli itera indwara, Listeria, na Salmonella) ndetse n’udukoko dukora mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack n'abandi (92) bagabanyije inyongeramusaruro za aside mu byiciro bibiri. Aside nka aside propionic, acetic, sorbic, na benzoic zigumana ubuziranenge bwa silage iyo zigaburirwa inyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwa breast bigabanya ikura ry'umusemburo n'ibihumyo (92). Mack n'abandi (92) batandukanije aside formic n'izindi aside kandi babifata nk'ikintu gitera aside itaziguye kibuza clostridia no kwangiza mikorobe mu gihe bakomeza ubuziranenge bwa poroteyine ya silage. Mu by'ukuri, imiterere y'umunyu wabo ni yo miterere ikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu kwirinda imiterere ya aside mu buryo butari umunyu (91). Amatsinda menshi y'ubushakashatsi yize kandi aside formic nk'inyongeramusaruro ya aside kuri silage. Aside formic izwiho ubushobozi bwo kongera aside vuba kandi ikabuza gukura kwa mikorobe za silage zigabanya poroteyine na karubohidrati ishongesha mu mazi muri silage (99). Kubwibyo, He n'abandi (92) bagereranije aside formic n'inyongeramusaruro za aside muri silage. (100) bagaragaje ko aside formic ishobora gukumira Escherichia coli no kugabanya pH ya silage. Bagiteri zikora aside formike na lactic nazo zongewe muri silage kugira ngo zitere imbaraga aside no gukora aside organic (101). Mu by’ukuri, Cooley n’abandi (101) basanze iyo silage yashyirwagamo aside formike ya 3% (w/v), umusaruro wa aside lactic na formike warenze 800 na 1000 mg ya aside organic / 100 g, uko bikurikirana. Mack n’abandi (92) basuzumye inyandiko z’ubushakashatsi ku nyongeramusaruro za silage mu buryo burambuye, harimo n’ubushakashatsi bwasohotse kuva mu 2000 bwibanze kuri aside formike na aside yindi. Kubwibyo, iri suzuma ntirizavuga ku bushakashatsi bw’umuntu ku giti cye mu buryo burambuye ahubwo rizavuga muri make ingingo z’ingenzi zijyanye n’akamaro ka aside formike nk’inyongeramusaruro ya silage. Aside formike idafite ubushyuhe n’idafite ubushyuhe byakoreweho ubushakashatsi kandi mu bihe byinshi Clostridium spp. Ibikorwa byayo (karubohidrati, poroteyine, no gufata lactate no gusohora butyrate) bikunda kugabanuka, mu gihe umusaruro wa ammonia na butyrate ugabanuka kandi kugumana ibintu byumye byiyongera (92). Hari imbogamizi ku mikorere ya aside formike, ariko ikoreshwa ryayo nk'inyongeramusaruro ya silage hamwe n'izindi aside risa nkaho ryatsinze bimwe muri ibi bibazo (92).
Aside formike ishobora gukumira bagiteri zitera indwara zishobora guteza akaga ku buzima bw'abantu. Urugero, Pauly na Tam (102) bateye L. monocytogenes nto muri laboratwari irimo urwego rutatu rutandukanye rw'ibintu byumye (200, 430, na 540 g / kg) bya ryegrass hanyuma bongeramo aside formike (3 ml / kg) cyangwa bagiteri lactic acid (8 × 105 / g) na enzymes za cellulolytic. Bavuze ko ubwo buryo bwombi bwagabanije L. monocytogenes ku rugero rutagaragara muri silage y'ibintu byumye bike (200 g / kg). Ariko, muri silage y'ibintu byumye hagati (430 g / kg), L. monocytogenes yari igishobora kugaragara nyuma y'iminsi 30 muri silage yavuwe na formike aside. Kugabanuka kwa L. monocytogenes byasaga nkaho bifitanye isano no kuba pH iri hasi, aside lactic, na aside zitavanzwe hamwe. Urugero, Pauly na Tam (102) bavuze ko aside lactic hamwe n'urugero rwa aside idatandukanijwe byari ingenzi cyane, bishobora kuba ari yo mpamvu nta kugabanuka kwa monocytogenes ya L. byagaragaye mu buryo bwa aside formic yavuye muri silages zifite ibintu byinshi byumye. Ubushakashatsi nk'ubwo bugomba gukorwa mu gihe kizaza ku zindi ndwara zisanzwe za silage nka Salmonella na E. coli itera indwara. Isesengura ryimbitse rya 16S rDNA ry’uruhererekane rw’udukoko two muri silage rishobora no gufasha kumenya impinduka mu mibare yose ya silage ibaho mu byiciro bitandukanye byo gushyushya silage iyo hari aside formic (103). Kubona amakuru ya mikorobe bishobora gutanga inkunga yo gusesengura kugira ngo hamenyekane neza iterambere rya silage fermentation no guteza imbere uburyo bwiza bwo kongeramo inyongera kugira ngo silage ikomeze kuba nziza.
Mu biryo by’amatungo bishingiye ku binyampeke, aside formike ikoreshwa nk’umuti urwanya udukoko mu kugabanya ingano y’udukoko mu biryo bitandukanye bikomoka ku binyampeke ndetse n’ibindi bintu bimwe na bimwe nk’ibikomoka ku matungo. Ingaruka ku bwinshi bw’udukoko mu nkoko no mu yandi matungo zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: ingaruka zitaziguye ku bwinshi bw’udukoko mu biryo ubwabyo n’ingaruka zitaziguye ku dukoko twibasira inzira y’igifu cy’amatungo nyuma yo kurya ibiryo byavuwe (20, 21, 104). Birumvikana ko ibi byiciro bibiri bifitanye isano, kuko kugabanuka kw’udukoko mu biryo bigomba gutuma habaho kugabanuka kw’udukoko iyo inyamaswa iriye ibiryo. Ariko, imiterere ya aside runaka yongerwa ku biryo ishobora guterwa n’ibintu byinshi, nko imiterere y’ibiryo n’imiterere ya aside yongerwamo (21, 105).
Mu mateka, ikoreshwa rya aside formike n'izindi aside zifitanye isano ryibanze cyane cyane ku kugenzura Salmonella mu biryo by'amatungo n'inkoko (21). Ibisubizo by'ubu bushakashatsi byasobanuwe mu buryo burambuye mu isuzuma ritandukanye ryasohotse mu bihe bitandukanye (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), bityo bimwe mu byavumbuwe muri ubu bushakashatsi ni byo byavuzwe muri ubu bushakashatsi. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko imikorere ya aside formike mu biryo iterwa n'ingano n'igihe cyo guhura na aside formike, ubushuhe bw'ibiryo, n'ubwinshi bwa bagiteri mu biryo no mu nzira y'igifu cy'inyamaswa (19, 21, 107–109). Ubwoko bw'ibiryo n'aho ibiryo by'amatungo bikomoka nabyo ni ibintu bigira ingaruka. Bityo, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko urwego rwa Salmonella Uburozi bwa bagiteri buvanywe mu bikomoka ku nyamaswa bushobora gutandukana n'ubwavanywe mu bikomoka ku bimera (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Ariko, itandukaniro mu gusubiza aside nka aside formike rishobora kuba rifitanye isano n'itandukaniro mu kubaho kwa serovar mu ndyo ndetse n'ubushyuhe bw'indyo itunganywa (19, 113, 114). Itandukaniro mu gusubiza serovar mu ndyo ishobora kuba impamvu yo kwanduza inkoko ibiryo byanduye (113, 115), kandi itandukaniro mu mikorere ya gene ya virusi (116) naryo rishobora kugira uruhare. Itandukaniro mu kwihanganira aside rishobora kugira ingaruka ku iboneka rya Salmonella mu buryo bw'imirire niba aside ikomoka ku biryo idakingiwe neza (21, 105, 117–122). Imiterere y'indyo (mu bijyanye n'ingano y'utunyangingo) ishobora kandi kugira ingaruka ku kuboneka kwa aside formike mu nzira y'igifu (123).
Ingamba zo kunoza imikorere ya aside formike yongerwa ku biryo na zo ni ingenzi cyane. Ingano nyinshi ya aside yatanzwe ku bikoresho by’ibiryo byanduza cyane mbere yo kuvanga ibiryo kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka zishobora kwangirika ku bikoresho by’ibiryo n’ibibazo byo kuryoha kw’ibiryo by’amatungo (105). Jones (51) yanzuye avuga ko Salmonella iboneka mu biryo mbere yo gusukurwa hakoreshejwe imiti igorana kuyigenzura kurusha Salmonella iyo ihuye n’ibiryo nyuma yo kuvurwa hakoreshejwe imiti. Gukoresha ubushyuhe mu biryo mu gihe cyo gutunganya ibiryo mu ruganda byavuzwe nk'uburyo bwo kugabanya ubwandu bwa Salmonella ku biryo, ariko ibi biterwa n’imiterere y’ibiryo, ingano y’uduce, n’ibindi bintu bifitanye isano n’uburyo bwo gusya (51). Imikorere ya aside irwanya indwara iterwa n’ubushyuhe nayo iterwa n’ubushyuhe, kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi iyo hari aside organic bushobora kugira ingaruka zo gukumira Salmonella, nk’uko byagaragaye mu miterere y’ibiryo bya Salmonella (124, 125). Ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku biryo byanduye Salmonella bushyigikira igitekerezo cy’uko ubushyuhe bwinshi byongera ubushobozi bwa aside mu biryo (106, 113, 126). Amado et al. (127) bakoresheje igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibice binini kugira ngo biga uburyo ubushyuhe n’aside (aside formique cyangwa lactic) bikorana mu moko 10 ya Salmonella enterica na Escherichia coli byakuwe mu biryo by’inka bitandukanye bigashyirwa mu duce tw’inka twagizwemo aside. Basanze ubushyuhe ari cyo kintu cy’ingenzi cyagize ingaruka ku kugabanuka kwa mikorobe, hamwe na aside n’ubwoko bwa bagiteri. Ingaruka zo guhuza aside zikiganza, bityo ubushyuhe buke n’ubwinshi bwa aside bishobora gukoreshwa. Ariko, banavuze ko ingaruka zo guhuza aside zitakunze kugaragara iyo aside formique yakoreshejwe, bituma bakeka ko ihindagurika rya aside formique ku bushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa ingaruka zo guhuza ibice by’ibiryo ari byo byagize uruhare.
Kugabanya igihe ibiryo bimara mbere yo kugaburira inyamaswa ni bumwe mu buryo bwo kugenzura ko indwara ziterwa n’ibiryo zinjira mu mubiri w’inyamaswa mu gihe cyo kuzigaburira. Ariko, iyo aside iri mu biryo imaze kwinjira mu nzira y’igifu, ishobora gukomeza gukoresha imikorere yayo ya antibiyotike. Imikorere ya antibiyotike y’ibintu bikomoka kuri aside mu nzira y’igifu ishobora guterwa n’ibintu bitandukanye, birimo ubwinshi bwa aside yo mu gifu, aho inzira y’igifu ikorera, pH na ogisijeni mu nzira y’igifu, imyaka y’inyamaswa, n’imiterere y’udukoko two mu gifu (biterwa n’aho inzira y’igifu iherereye n’ubukure bw’inyamaswa) (21, 24, 128–132). Byongeye kandi, ubwoko bw’udukoko tudakunda aerobike mu nzira y’igifu (iba yiganje mu nzira yo hasi y’igifu cy’inyamaswa imwe iyo zikuze) ikora aside organic binyuze mu kubira, ibyo bikaba bishobora no kugira ingaruka mbi ku dukoko tw’igihe gito twinjira mu nzira y’igifu (17, 19–21).
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa mbere bwibanze ku ikoreshwa rya aside organic, harimo na formate, kugira ngo hagabanywe Salmonella mu nzira y’igifu cy’inkoko, ibyo bikaba byaraganiriweho mu buryo burambuye mu isuzuma ritandukanye (12, 20, 21). Iyo ubu bushakashatsi busuzumwe hamwe, hashobora kwitabwaho ibintu byinshi by’ingenzi. McHan na Shotts (133) bavuze ko kugaburira aside formic na propionic byagabanyije urugero rwa Salmonella Typhimurium mu mfuruka y’inkoko yatewe bagiteri kandi bikayipima ku minsi 7, 14, na 21 y’amavuko. Ariko, ubwo Hume et al. (128) bakurikiranaga propionate ifite izina rya C-14, basanze propionate nke cyane mu mirire ishobora kugera kuri mfuruka y’inkoko. Haracyari kumenya niba ibi ari ukuri no kuri aside formic. Ariko, vuba aha Bourassa et al. (134) bavuze ko kugaburira aside formic na propionic byagabanyije urugero rwa Salmonella Typhimurium mu mfuruka y'inkoko zatewe bagiteri, byapimwe ku minsi 7, 14, na 21 y'amavuko. (132) bavuze ko kugaburira aside formic kuri 4 g/t ku nkoko z'inkoko mu gihe cy'ibyumweru 6 by'ikura byagabanyije urugero rwa S. Typhimurium mu mfuruka y'inkoko kugeza munsi y'urwego rwo kubimenya.
Kuba hari aside formike mu mirire bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bindi bice by'inkoko mu gifu. Al-Tarazi na Alshavabkeh (134) bagaragaje ko uruvange rwa aside formike na aside propionic bishobora kugabanya ubwandu bwa Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) mu bihingwa no muri cecum. Thompson na Hinton (129) babonye ko uruvange rwa aside formike na aside propionic ruboneka ku isoko rwongera ubwinshi bwa aside zombi mu bihingwa no mu giszard kandi ko rwangiza bagiteri za Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 mu buryo bwa in vitro mu gihe cyo kororerwa. Iki gitekerezo gishyigikiwe n'amakuru yavuye muri Bird et al. (135) yongereye aside formike mu mazi yo kunywa y'inkoko z'inkoko mu gihe cyo kwiyiriza ubusa mbere yo koherezwa, kimwe n'inkoko z'inkoko zirya mbere yo koherezwa mu ruganda rutunganya inkoko. Kongera aside formike mu mazi yo kunywa byatumye umubare wa S. Typhimurium mu bihingwa no mu mavuta ya epididymis ugabanuka, ndetse n'igabanuka ry'umubare w'ibihingwa bya S. Typhimurium-positive, ariko ntabwo byagabanutse ku mubare w'ibihingwa bya epididymis (135). Iterambere ry'uburyo bwo gutanga bushobora kurinda aside organic mu gihe zikora mu nzira yo hasi y'igifu bishobora gufasha kunoza imikorere. Urugero, gushyira aside formike mu mavuta no kongeramo ibiryo byayo byagaragaye ko bigabanya umubare wa Salmonella Enteritidis mu mavuta ya cecal (136). Ariko, ibi bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'ubwoko bw'inyamaswa. Urugero, Walia et al. (137) ntibabonye igabanuka rya Salmonella mu matungo ya cecum cyangwa lymph mu ngurube z'iminsi 28 zahawe uruvange rwa aside formike, aside citric, n'amavuta ya essential, kandi nubwo Salmonella yasohokaga mu mwanda yagabanutse ku munsi wa 14, ntabwo yagabanutse ku munsi wa 28. Bagaragaje ko ikwirakwira rya Salmonella hagati y'ingurube ryari ryirinzwe.
Nubwo inyigo za aside formike nk'umuti urwanya udukoko mu bworozi bw'amatungo zibanze cyane cyane kuri Salmonella ikomoka ku biribwa, hari n'inyigo zimwe na zimwe zibanda ku zindi ndwara zitera indwara mu gifu. Inyigo zakozwe na Kovanda et al. (68) zigaragaza ko aside formike ishobora no kugira ingaruka ku zindi ndwara ziterwa n'igifu, harimo Escherichia coli na Campylobacter jejuni. Inyigo zabanje zagaragaje ko aside organic (urugero, aside lactic) n'ibivange by'ubucuruzi birimo aside formike nk'ikintu gishobora kugabanya urugero rwa Campylobacter mu nkoko (135, 138). Ariko, nk'uko byavuzwe na Beyer et al. (67), gukoresha aside formike nk'umuti urwanya indwara muri Campylobacter bishobora gusaba kwitonda. Iki gitekerezo ni ikibazo cyane cyane ku nyongeramusaruro mu nkoko kuko aside formike ari yo soko y'ibanze y'ingufu zo guhumeka za C. jejuni. Byongeye kandi, igice cy'ingufu zayo mu gifu gikekwa ko giterwa no kurya ibintu bivanze bya aside fermentation bivangwa na bagiteri zo mu gifu, nka formate (139). Iki gitekerezo gifite ishingiro. Kubera ko formate ari umuti utera kanseri ya C. jejuni, amoko abiri y’ibinyabuzima bifite inenge muri formate dehydrogenase na hydrogenase byagabanyije igipimo cyo kwiyongera kw’ibinure mu nkoko z’inkoko ugereranije n’ubwoko bwa C. jejuni bwo mu gasozi (140, 141). Ntibiramenyekana neza uburyo kongeramo aside formic acid hanze bigira ingaruka ku kwiyongera kw’ibinure mu nkoko na C. jejuni. Igipimo nyacyo cya formate mu nkoko gishobora kuba gito bitewe na catabolism ya formate iterwa n’izindi bagiteri zo mu nkoko cyangwa kwinjiza formate mu nkoko yo hejuru, bityo ibintu byinshi bishobora kugira ingaruka kuri ibi. Byongeye kandi, formate ni ikintu gishobora gukorwa na bagiteri zimwe na zimwe zo mu nkoko, gishobora kugira ingaruka ku gipimo cyose cya formate mu nkoko. Ingano ya formate mu biri mu nkoko no kumenya genes za formate dehydrogenase hakoreshejwe metagenomics bishobora gutanga urumuri ku bintu bimwe na bimwe by’ibidukikije bya mikorobe zikora formate.
Roth n'abandi (142) bagereranije ingaruka zo kugaburira inkoko z'inkoko, umuti wa antibiyotike witwa enrofloxacin cyangwa uruvange rwa aside formic, acetic, na propionic ku ikwirakwira rya Escherichia coli idakira imiti. Ingano zose hamwe n'izidakira imiti ya E. coli zabazwe mu ingero z'umwanda zavanywe mu nkoko z'inkoko z'inkoko z'umunsi umwe no mu ingero z'ibice bya cecal byavanywe mu nkoko z'inkoko z'inkoko z'iminsi 14 na 38. Ingano za E. coli zapimwe kugira ngo zirebe ko zidashobora kurwanya ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, na tetracycline hakurikijwe aho zagenwe mbere kuri buri muti wa antibiyotike. Igihe umubare wa E. coli wapimwaga kandi ukagaragazwa, enrofloxacin cyangwa inyunganiramirire ya aside ntabwo byahinduye umubare wose wa E. coli yavanywe muri ceca y'inkoko z'inkoko z'inkoko z'iminsi 17 na 28. Inyoni zagaburirwaga indyo yiyongereyeho E. coli irwanya ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, na tetracycline ndetse n’ingano ya E. coli irwanya cefotaxime muri ceca yagabanutse. Inyoni zagaburirwaga inzoga zagabanutse umubare wa E. coli irwanya ampicillin na tetracycline muri ceca ugereranije n’inyoni zagaburirwaga inzoga n’inyongeraho ya enrofloxacin. Inyoni zagaburirwaga aside ivanze nazo zagabanutse umubare wa E. coli irwanya ciprofloxacin na sulfamethoxazole muri cecum ugereranije n’inyoni zagaburirwaga enrofloxacin. Uburyo aside zigabanya umubare wa E. coli irwanya antibiyotike hatabayeho kugabanya umubare wa E. coli yose ntabwo burasobanuka neza. Ariko, ibisubizo by’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Roth et al. birahuye n’iby’itsinda rya enrofloxacin. (142) Ibi bishobora kuba ikimenyetso cy'uko hagabanutse ikwirakwizwa rya za gene zirwanya antibiyotike muri E. coli, nk'izirwanya plasmid-linked inhibitors zasobanuwe na Cabezon et al. (143). Byaba byiza gukora isesengura ryimbitse ry'ubudahangarwa bwa antibiyotike buterwa na plasmid mu gifu cy'inkoko mu gihe hari ibiryo by'inyongera nka aside formike no kunoza iri sesengura binyuze mu gusuzuma ubudahangarwa bw'igifu.
Guteza imbere ibiryo byiza birwanya udukoko twandura indwara bigomba kugira ingaruka nke ku bimera byose byo mu gifu, cyane cyane kuri mikorobe zifatwa nk'izifitiye akamaro nyirayo. Ariko, aside organic zitangwa hanze zishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku mikorobe zo mu gifu kandi ku rugero runaka zigakuraho ubushobozi bwazo bwo kwirinda indwara. Urugero, Thompson na Hinton (129) babonye ko urugero rwa aside lactic mu gihingwa rwagabanutse mu nkoko zirya imvange ya aside formique na propionic, bigaragaza ko kuba izi aside organic zo mu gihingwa zagabanutse lactobacilli. Lactobacilli zo mu gihingwa zifatwa nk'imbogamizi kuri Salmonella, bityo rero ihungabana ry'iyi mikorobe zo mu gihingwa rishobora kwangiza uburyo Salmonella yinjirira mu gifu neza (144). Açıkgöz n'abandi basanze ingaruka nke z'igifu mu gifu z'inyoni zishobora kuba nke. (145) Nta tandukaniro ryabonetse mu bimera byose byo mu mara cyangwa mu mibare ya Escherichia coli mu nkoko z'inkoko z'iminsi 42 zinywa amazi aside formique. Abanditsi bavuze ko ibi bishobora kuba biterwa n’uko imiterere y’umubiri ihinduka mu gice cyo hejuru cy’igifu, nk’uko byagaragaye n’abandi bashakashatsi bakoresha aside y’ibinure (SCFA) itangwa hanze (128, 129).
Kurinda aside formike binyuze mu buryo bumwe bwo kuyirinda bishobora kuyifasha kugera mu nzira yo hasi y’igifu. (146) byagaragaje ko aside formike isanzwe yongereye cyane ingano y’aside fatty (SCFA) muri cecum y’ingurube ugereranije n’ingurube zigaburirwa aside formike idakingiye. Ibi byatumye abanditsi bavuga ko aside formike ishobora kugera mu nzira yo hasi y’igifu niba irinzwe neza. Ariko, hari ibindi bipimo byinshi, nka formate na lactate, nubwo biri hejuru kurusha ibyo mu ngurube zigaburirwa indyo igenzurwa, bitatandukanye mu mibare n’ibyo mu ngurube zigaburirwa indyo idakingiye. Nubwo ingurube zigaburirwa aside formike idakingiye n’izikingiye zagaragaje ubwiyongere butatu bwa aside lactate, umubare wa lactobacilli ntiwahinduwe n’uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo kuvura. Itandukaniro rishobora kugaragara cyane ku zindi mikorobe zikora aside lactate muri cecum (1) zitagaragara muri ubu buryo na/cyangwa (2) imikorere yazo ya metabolisme ikagira ingaruka, bityo bigahindura imiterere y’ubushyuhe ku buryo lactobacilli isanzwe ikora aside lactate nyinshi.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ingaruka z'inyongeramusaruro ku mirire y'amatungo yo mu rugo, hakenewe uburyo bwo kumenya mikorobe bufite ubushobozi bwo hejuru. Mu myaka mike ishize, uburyo bwo gusesengura imiterere y'uturemangingo twa RNA twa 16S bwakoreshejwe mu kumenya ubwoko bw'uturemangingo no kugereranya ubwoko bw'uturemangingo (147), ibyo bikaba byaratumye abantu basobanukirwa neza imikoranire iri hagati y'inyongeramusaruro ku mirire n'uturemangingo tw'amatungo yo mu rugo nk'inkoko.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakoresheje uburyo bwo gusesengura microbiome kugira ngo busuzume uburyo microbiome y’inkoko ikora mu gutera inyongera. Oakley n'abandi (148) bakoze ubushakashatsi ku nkoko z’inkoko z’iminsi 42 z’inkoko zongewemo aside formic zitandukanye, aside propionic, na aside fatty acide iri hagati mu mazi cyangwa mu byo zirya. Inkoko zakingiwe zahuye n’ikibazo cyo gukoresha Salmonella typhimurium idakira aside nalidixic, maze ceca yazo ikurwaho ku myaka 0, 7, 21, na 42. Ingero za Cecal zateguwe kugira ngo habeho pyrosequencing 454 kandi ibisubizo bya sequencing byarasuzumwe kugira ngo hakorwe ibyiciro n’ibisa. Muri rusange, ubuvuzi ntibwagize ingaruka zikomeye ku rugero rwa cecal microbiome cyangwa S. Typhimurium. Ariko, igipimo cyo kubona Salmonella muri rusange cyaragabanutse uko inyoni zakuraga, nk'uko byemejwe n'isesengura rya taxonomic rya microbiome, kandi ubwinshi bwa Salmonella sequences nabwo bwaragabanutse uko igihe cyagiye gihita. Abanditsi bavuga ko uko inkoko z’inkoko zagendaga zikura, ubwinshi bw’udukoko twa cecal bwariyongereye, aho impinduka zikomeye mu bimera byo mu gifu byagaragaye mu matsinda yose y’ubuvuzi. Mu bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa, Hu et al. (149) bagereranije ingaruka zo kunywa amazi no kugaburira indyo yuzuye uruvange rwa aside organic (aside formic, aside acetic, aside propionic, na ammonium formate) na virginiamycin ku bipimo bya microbiome bya cecal byavuye mu nkoko z’inkoko zakusanyijwe mu byiciro bibiri (iminsi 1-21 n’iminsi 22-42). Nubwo hari itandukaniro mu bwinshi bwa microbiome za cecal ryagaragaye mu matsinda y’ubuvuzi ku minsi 21 y’amavuko, nta tandukaniro mu bwinshi bwa microbiome za α- cyangwa β ryagaragaye ku minsi 42. Bitewe n’uko nta tandukaniro ryagaragaye ku minsi 42 y’amavuko, abanditsi batekereje ko inyungu yo gukura ishobora guterwa no gushyiraho microbiome nziza cyane.
Isesengura rya mikorobe ryibanda gusa ku muryango w’udukoko two mu bwoko bwa cecal rishobora kudasobanura aho mu nzira y’igifu ingaruka nyinshi za aside organic ziboneka. Imikorobe yo mu gice cyo hejuru cy’igifu cy’inkoko z’inkoko zishobora kwibasirwa cyane n’ingaruka za aside organic zikomoka ku biryo, nk’uko byagaragajwe n’ibyavuye muri Hume et al. (128). Hume et al. (128) bagaragaje ko propionate nyinshi zongewemo hanze y’inyoni zashyizwe mu gice cyo hejuru cy’igifu cy’inyoni. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa ku miterere ya mikorobe zo mu gifu nabwo bushyigikira iki gitekerezo. Nava et al. (150) bagaragaje ko uruvange rw’aside organic [DL-2-hydroxy-4 (methylthio) butyric acid], aside formic, na aside propionic (HFP) byagize ingaruka ku mikorobe yo mu gifu no kongera Lactobacillus colonization muri ileum y’inkoko. Vuba aha, Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) bagaragaje ko uruvange rw'aside organic [DL-2-hydroxy-4 (methylthio)butyric acid], aside formic, na aside propionic (HFP) byagize ingaruka ku mikorobe yo mu nda ndetse byongera Lactobacillus coloning muri ileum y'inkoko. (151) bakoze ubushakashatsi ku kugaburira inkoko z'inkoko uruvange rwa aside formic na aside propionic ku bipimo bibiri (0.75% na 1.50%) mu gihe cy'iminsi 35. Mu mpera z'igerageza, imbuto, igifu, bibiri bya gatatu bya ileum, na cecum byarakuwemo maze ingero zifatwa kugira ngo hakoreshwe isesengura ry'ibimera byihariye byo mu gifu n'ibinyabutabire hakoreshejwe RT-PCR. Mu muco, ubwinshi bwa aside organic ntibwagize ingaruka ku bwinshi bwa Lactobacillus cyangwa Bifidobacterium, ahubwo biyongereye umubare wa Clostridium. Muri ileum, impinduka zonyine zari ukugabanuka kwa Lactobacillus na Enterobacter, mu gihe muri cecum ibi bimera bitahindutse (151). Ku rugero rwo hejuru rw’inyongera ya aside organic, igipimo cy’aside lactic (D na L) cyaragabanutse mu bihingwa, igipimo cya aside organic zombi cyaragabanutse mu gifu, naho igipimo cya aside organic cyari gito muri cecum. Nta mpinduka zabayeho muri ileum. Ku bijyanye na aside fatty zigendanwa (SCFAs), impinduka yonyine mu bihingwa no mu gifu cy’inyoni zigaburirwa aside organic yari mu rwego rwa propionate. Inyoni zigaburirwa aside organic nke zagaragaje ubwiyongere bugera hafi ku icumi bwa propionate mu bihingwa, mu gihe inyoni zigaburirwa aside organic ebyiri zagaragaje ubwiyongere bugera ku nshuro umunani na cumi na gatanu bwa propionate mu gifu, uko bikurikirana. Ubwiyongere bwa acetate muri ileum bwari munsi y’inshuro ebyiri. Muri rusange, aya makuru ashyigikira igitekerezo cy’uko ingaruka nyinshi zo gukoresha aside organic hanze zagaragaye mu musaruro, mu gihe aside organic yagize ingaruka nke ku mikorobe zo mu gifu cyo hasi, bigaragaza ko imiterere y’ibimera byo hejuru y’igifu bishobora kuba byarahindutse.
Birumvikana ko hakenewe uburyo bwimbitse bwo gusobanura mikorobe kugira ngo hamenyekane neza uburyo mikorobe zikora mu nzira y’igifu. Isesengura ryimbitse ry’imiterere y’imikorobe mu bice byihariye by’igifu, cyane cyane ibice byo hejuru nk’ibihingwa, rishobora gutanga ubumenyi bwimbitse ku guhitamo amatsinda amwe y’udukoko. Ibikorwa byazo mu mikorere ya metabolic na enzyme bishobora kandi kugaragaza niba bifite isano irwanya udukoko twinjira mu nzira y’igifu. Byaba kandi bishimishije gukora isesengura rya metagenomic kugira ngo hamenyekane niba guhura n’ibintu bitera aside mu gihe cy’ubuzima bw’inyoni bihitamo bagiteri "zihanganira aside", kandi niba kuba hari cyangwa imikorere ya metabolic y’izi bagiteri byaba ari indi mbogamizi ku kwiyongera kw’udukoko.
Aside formike imaze imyaka myinshi ikoreshwa nk'inyongeramusaruro mu biryo by'amatungo no nk'umusemburo wa silage acidifier. Imwe mu mikoreshereze yayo y'ingenzi ni igikorwa cyayo cyo kurwanya udukoko mu kugabanya umubare w'udukoko mu biryo ndetse no kwiyongera kwatwo mu nzira y'igifu y'inyoni. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri vitro bwagaragaje ko aside formike ari umuti urwanya udukoko wa Salmonella n'izindi ndwara. Ariko, ikoreshwa rya aside formike mu biryo rishobora kugabanywa n'ubwinshi bw'ibintu by'umwimerere biri mu biryo n'ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kubirinda. Aside formike isa nkaho ifite ingaruka mbi kuri Salmonella n'izindi ndwara iyo inyowe binyuze mu biryo cyangwa mu mazi yo kunywa. Ariko, ubu burwanyi bugaragara cyane cyane mu nzira yo hejuru y'igifu, kuko igipimo cya aside formike gishobora kugabanuka mu nzira yo hasi y'igifu, nk'uko bimeze kuri aside propionic. Igitekerezo cyo kurinda aside formike binyuze mu gufunga gitanga uburyo bushoboka bwo kugeza aside nyinshi mu nzira yo hasi y'igifu. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko uruvange rwa aside organic ari ingirakamaro mu kunoza imikorere y'inkoko kuruta gutanga aside imwe (152). Campylobacter mu nzira y'igifu ishobora gusubiza formate mu buryo butandukanye, kuko ishobora gukoresha formate nk'umutanga electron, kandi formate ni yo soko nyamukuru y'ingufu zayo. Ntibiramenyekana neza niba kongera ingano ya formate mu nzira y'igifu byaba ingirakamaro kuri Campylobacter, kandi ibi bishobora kutabaho bitewe n'ibindi bimera byo mu gifu bishobora gukoresha formate nk'ishingiro.
Hakenewe ubundi bushakashatsi kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka za aside formike yo mu gifu ku mikorobe zitari indwara ziterwa n’indwara. Dukunda kwibasira indwara zitabangamiye ibinyabuzima biri mu gifu bigirira akamaro nyirabyo. Ariko, ibi bisaba isesengura ryimbitse ry’uruhererekane rw’ibinyabuzima biri mu gifu. Nubwo hari ubushakashatsi bwasohotse ku binyabuzima byo mu gifu byavuwe na aside formike, hakenewe kwitabwaho cyane ku bwoko bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu gifu. Kumenya udukoko no kugereranya ibisa hagati y’ibinyabuzima biri mu gifu mu gihe aside formike ihari cyangwa idafite bishobora kuba ibisobanuro bidahagije. Isesengura ryinyongera, ririmo metabolomics na metagenomics, rirakenewe kugira ngo hamenyekane itandukaniro mu mikorere hagati y’amatsinda asa. Uko kugena ni ingenzi kugira ngo hamenyekane isano iri hagati y’ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima biri mu gifu n’uko inyoni zikora ku bintu bitera imbere bishingiye kuri aside formike. Guhuza uburyo bwinshi bwo kugaragaza neza imikorere y’igifu bigomba gutuma habaho ingamba zo kongera aside organic kandi amaherezo kunoza uburyo inyoni zigaragaza ubuzima bwiza n’imikorere myiza mu gihe bigabanya ibyago byo kubura ibiryo.
SR yanditse iyi suzuma abifashijwemo na DD na KR. Abanditsi bose bagize uruhare runini mu murimo wagaragajwe muri iyi suzuma.
Abanditsi batangaza ko iri suzuma ryahawe inkunga na Anitox Corporation kugira ngo batangire kwandika no gusohora iri suzuma. Abaterankunga nta ruhare bagize ku bitekerezo n'imyanzuro byagaragajwe muri iyi nyandiko cyangwa ku cyemezo cyo kuyisohora.
Abanditsi basigaye batangaza ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihe nta mibanire y’ubucuruzi cyangwa imari yari ihari ishobora gufatwa nk’igongana ry’inyungu.
Dr. DD arashimira inkunga yatanzwe n’Ishuri Rikuru rya Kaminuza ya Arkansas binyuze mu Ihuriro ry’Abanyeshuri Bakomeye, ndetse n’inkunga ihoraho yatanzwe na Gahunda ya Kaminuza ya Arkansas y’Ubushakashatsi ku Binyabuzima bw’Ingirabuzima fatizo n’Ubushakashatsi ku Biryo n’Ishami ry’Ubumenyi bw’Ibiribwa. Byongeye kandi, abanditsi barashimira Anitox ku bw’inkunga ya mbere mu kwandika iyi nyandiko.
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