Ku ya 20 Mata 2023, Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika (EPA) cyatangaje ko cyasohoye itegeko ryatanzwe hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 6 (a) y'Itegeko ryo Kurwanya Ibiyobyabwenge (TSCA) ribuza ikoreshwa ryinshi rya methylene chloride. EPA yavuze ko isuzuma ryayo ridafite ishingiro ry’ingaruka za dichloromethane ryaterwaga n’ingaruka ziterwa n’abakozi, abatari abakoresha b’umwuga (ONUs), abaguzi, n’abari hafi y’abaguzi. Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije cyagaragaje ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw’abantu ziterwa no guhumeka no guhura n’uruhu rwa methylene chloride, harimo uburozi bw’ubwonko, ingaruka ku mwijima na kanseri. EPA yavuze ko itegeko ryayo ryatanzwe ryo gucunga ingaruka "rizagabanya vuba" umusaruro wa methylene chloride, gutunganya no gukwirakwiza ku bakoresha bose ndetse n’inganda n’ubucuruzi, inyinshi muri zo zizashyirwa mu bikorwa mu mezi 15. EPA yavuze ko ku ikoreshwa ryinshi rya methylene chloride, izatanga igitekerezo cyo kuyihagarika. Isesengura ryagaragaje ko ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha methylene chloride bufite igiciro n’ubushobozi bisa bukunze kuboneka. Iyo itegeko ryatanzwe rimaze gusohoka mu gitabo cya Leta, hazatangira igihe cy’iminsi 60 cyo gutanga ibitekerezo.
Mu nyandiko y’umushinga w’itegeko ryatanzwe hakurikijwe ingingo ya 6 (b ya TSCA), EPA yemeje ko methylene chloride itera ibyago bidasanzwe byo kwangiza ubuzima, hatitawe ku kiguzi cyangwa ibindi bintu bitari ibyago, harimo n’ibyago bidasanzwe mu ikoreshwa ry’ibintu (COU) ku bantu bagaragaye ko bashobora guhura n’ingaruka cyangwa bashobora kwibasirwa n’isuzuma ry’ibyago bya methylene chloride ryo mu 2020. Kugira ngo EPA ikureho ibyago bidasanzwe, hakurikijwe ingingo ya 6 (a) ya TSCA:
EPA ivuga ko TSCA COUs zose za dichloromethane (usibye ikoreshwa ryayo mu marangi akoreshwa n'abakoresha no mu bikuraho amarangi, zikora ukwazo hakurikijwe ingingo ya TSCA ya 6 (84 Fed. Reg. 11420, 27 Werurwe 2019)) zigengwa n'iki cyifuzo. Nk'uko EPA ibivuga, TSCA isobanura COUs nk'ibintu biteganijwe, bizwi, cyangwa biteganijwe, aho imiti ikorwa, igatunganywa, igakwirakwizwa, igakoreshwa, cyangwa igashyirwa mu bikorwa by'ubucuruzi. EPA irasaba abaturage gutanga ibitekerezo ku ngingo zitandukanye z'iki cyifuzo.
Nk’uko itangazo rya EPA ribivuga, EPA yagiranye inama n’Ikigo gishinzwe umutekano n’ubuzima mu kazi (OSHA) mu gutegura itegeko ryatanzwe “ndetse inasuzuma ibisabwa na OSHA biriho mu gutegura ibisabwa ku kurinda abakozi.” kugira ngo hakurweho ingaruka zidasanzwe. Abakoresha bazagira umwaka umwe wo kubahiriza WCPP nyuma yuko EPA isohoye amategeko ya nyuma yo gucunga ingaruka kandi bazasabwa gukurikirana aho bakorera buri gihe kugira ngo barebe ko abakozi badahura na methylene chloride, ishobora guteza ingaruka zidasanzwe.
EPA “irasaba abaturage gusuzuma itegeko ryatanzwe no gutanga ibitekerezo byabo.” EPA yavuze ko “ishishikajwe cyane no kumva ibitekerezo by’imiryango ikenewe kugira ngo ishyire mu bikorwa gahunda yatanzwe ku bijyanye no gukora neza no kugira ingaruka nziza ku bisabwa mu kurinda abakozi.” EPA, izakira ikiganiro cy’abakoresha n’abakozi mu byumweru biri imbere, “ariko kizaba ingirakamaro ku muntu wese ushaka incamake y’ingamba ziteganywa zo kugenzura kugira ngo aganire kuri gahunda zatanzwe.”
Bergeson & Campbell, PC (B&C®) iteganya icyerekezo cy’ingamba zo kugenzura methylene chloride za EPA n’uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kuzigenzura. Itegeko rya EPA rijyanye n’ibyifuzo byayo mu mushinga w’itegeko ryo gucunga ingaruka za chrysotile, harimo ingamba zo kugenzura zigamije kubuza ikoreshwa, ubundi buryo bw’ingenzi bwo kugenzura ikoreshwa ry’igihe gito nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 6 (g) ya TSCA (urugero, umutekano w’igihugu n’ibikorwa remezo by’ingenzi) kandi itanga imbibi z’ibinyabutabire (ECELs) ziri munsi cyane y’imipaka y’ibinyabutabire by’akazi. Hasi aha, turasobanura ingingo nyinshi abagize umuryango ugenzurwa bagomba gusuzuma mu gihe bategura ibitekerezo bya rubanda ku mushinga w’amategeko, kandi twibutsa buri wese akamaro ko kwifatanya na EPA hakiri kare mu bikorwa bitagenzurwa kugira ngo batange amakuru ku bikorwa byo kugenzura muri ibyo bihe. Amategeko, harimo na TSCA.
Bitewe n’icyerekezo gishya cya politiki ya EPA hamwe n’uburyo bwo "gukoresha imiti yose", ntabwo twatangajwe no kubona ko ingamba za EPA zigamije kugenzura ari "kubuza ikoreshwa ryinshi rya dichloromethane mu nganda no mu bucuruzi." Ariko, EPA itanga ubundi buryo bukomeye bwo kugenzura kugira ngo ikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe ribujijwe rikomeze hakurikijwe iyubahirizwa rya WCPP. Ibi tubivuzeho kuko Ingingo ya 6 (a) ya TSCA ivuga ko EPA igomba "gushyira mu bikorwa ibisabwa kugira ngo ikurweho ingaruka zidasanzwe ku rugero rukenewe kugira ngo imiti cyangwa uruvange bitazongera guteza izo ngaruka." Niba WCPP hamwe na ECEL birengera ubuzima n'ibidukikije, nk'uko EPA ibishyigikira, bisa nkaho kubuza ikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe birenga itegeko "ry'ingenzi". Nubwo WCPP yaba irinda, kubuza ikoreshwa ry'umuguzi biracyari bifite ishingiro kuko abaguzi bashobora kutabasha kwerekana no kwandika iyubahirizwa ry'amabwiriza ari muri WCPP. Ku rundi ruhande, niba aho bakorera hashobora kwerekana no kwandika iyubahirizwa ry'amabwiriza ya WCPP, birashoboka ko ikoreshwa nk'iryo rigomba gukomeza kwemerwa.
Nk’uko biteganywa n’amabwiriza ya WCPP, EPA yavuze ko bizasaba “kubahirizwa kw’Uburyo Bwiza bwo Gutunganya Laboratwari [GLP] 40 CFR Igice cya 792”. Iki gisabwa ntigihuye n’ibikorwa byinshi byo kugenzura aho bakorera bikorwa hakurikijwe amahame ngenderwaho ya Gahunda yo Kwemeza Isuku mu Nganda (IHLAP). Ibyo EPA yiteze ku igeragezwa rya GLP ryo kugenzura aho bakorera bihuye n’itegeko ryo gupima ryatanzwe mu 2021, ariko ntabwo ari itegeko ryayo risanzwe ryo kwemeza. Urugero, icyitegererezo cy’itegeko rya EPA TSCA Igice cya 5 (e) kigaragaza ibi bikurikira mu Gice cya III.D:
Ariko, kubahiriza TSCA GLP ntabwo ari ngombwa muri iki gice gishya cy’ibipimo by’isuku mu binyabutabire, aho uburyo bwo gusesengura bwemezwa na laboratwari yemewe na: Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ry’Isuku mu Nganda (“AIHA”) Gahunda yo Kwemeza Isuku mu Nganda (“IHLAP”) cyangwa indi gahunda isa nayo yemejwe mu nyandiko na EPA.
EPA yasabye ibitekerezo ku ngingo zihariye z’itegeko ryatanzwe, ibyo B&C isaba ko impande zishobora kubigiramo uruhare zigomba gusuzuma. Urugero, EPA irimo kuganira ku buyobozi bugengwa n’ingingo ya 6 (g) ya TSCA bwo gutanga uburenganzira ku gihe runaka ku bintu bimwe na bimwe byo gukoresha nk’indege za gisivili, kandi EPA ivuga ko kubahiriza ibisabwa byakorwa “byabangamira cyane… ibikorwa remezo by’ingenzi.” “Tubona ko uku kureka kuzakubiyemo kubahiriza WCPP. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba WCPP ari uburinzi kandi ikigo gishobora kubahiriza WCPP (urugero: ECEL idakira idafite kanseri, ibice 2 kuri miliyoni (ppm) n'umupaka w'igihe gito (STEL) ibice 16 kuri miliyoni), iri jambo risa nkaho rirenze ibisabwa ku buzima n'ibidukikije. Twizera ko kureka kuzakoreshwa mu gihe uburinzi budahagije mu gukemura ibibazo kandi itegeko ryo guhagarika ibidukikije ryahungabanya cyane inzego z'ingenzi (nk'ubwirinzi, indege, ibikorwa remezo) bya EPA. Bigaragara ko hari uburyo busa n'amabwiriza y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi yerekeye iyandikishwa, isuzuma, uburenganzira n'igenzura ry'imiti (REACH), aho ibintu biteje akaga bizahagarikwa nubwo ingamba z'umutekano zaba zihagije, mu bihe byose uretse bike. Nubwo ubu buryo bushobora gukurura abantu muri rusange, ariko mu bitekerezo byacu, ntibuhuye n'inshingano z'ingingo ya 6 ya EPA. Iyo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ihindura TSCA igakora nka REACH, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yakwemera ubwo buryo, ariko uko bigaragara ntabwo ari ko bimeze.
EPA ivuga ku nyandiko yo mu 2022 yitwa “Isuzuma ry’ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha Dichloromethane” (urugero rwa 40 mu itegeko ryatanzwe) mu itegeko ryose ryatanzwe. Hashingiwe kuri iri suzuma, EPA yavuze ko “yagaragaje ibikoresho birimo ibintu bifite amanota amwe n’amwe yo gusuzuma ingaruka ari hasi ya dichloromethane n’ibindi bikoresho bifite amanota menshi yo gusuzuma ingaruka kurusha dichloromethane (urugero rwa 40)”. Mu gihe cyo gutanga igitekerezo, EPA ntiyigeze ishyira iyi nyandiko ku rutonde rw’amategeko agenga imikorere, ndetse na EPA ntiyigeze iyishyira ku rubuga rwayo rw’ubushakashatsi ku buzima n’ibidukikije (HERO) kuri interineti. Hatabayeho gusuzuma ibisobanuro birambuye by’iyi nyandiko, ntibishoboka gusuzuma niba uburyo bwo gukoresha buri buryo bukwiriye. Ubundi buryo bwo gusiga irangi bushobora kudakora nk’ibintu bisukura, nk’ibikoreshwa mu gusukura ibice by’ikoranabuhanga by’ikoranabuhanga mu ndege.
Twavuze ku ibura ry’inyandiko zavuzwe haruguru kuko imiryango yagizweho ingaruka n’itegeko rya EPA ribuza EPA izakenera aya makuru kugira ngo imenye uburyo bwo gukoresha ubundi buryo, isuzume ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ubundi buryo bukwiye (bishobora gutuma habaho ingamba zo kugenzura TSCA mu gihe kizaza), kandi itegure ibitekerezo bya rubanda. . Tubona ko EPA ya Amerika irimo kuganira kuri bene ibyo bibazo by’ “ubundi buryo” mu itegeko ryayo rya chrysotile, ririmo umugambi wa EPA ya Amerika wo guhagarika ikoreshwa rya chrysotile mu duce dukoreshwa mu nganda za chlor-alkali. EPA yemera ko “ubundi buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga bwo gukoresha chrysotile mu gutunganya chlor-alkali bufite ingano y’ibintu bya perfluoroalkyl na polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) ugereranije n’ingano y’ibintu bya PFAS biri mu duce duto dukoresha asbestos,” ariko ntiyongera kugereranya ingaruka n’ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ubundi buryo.
Uretse ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru byo gucunga ingaruka, twizera ko isuzuma ryakozwe n'Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije cya Amerika ku ngaruka zishobora guterwa na dichloromethane rigifite icyuho gikomeye mu mategeko. Nk'uko byavuzwe mu nyandiko yacu yo ku wa 11 Ugushyingo 2022, EPA ivuga buri gihe ku ikoreshwa ryayo ry'inyandiko yo mu 2018 yitwa "Gukoresha Isesengura ry'Ibintu mu Isuzuma ry'Ibyago rya TSCA" ("Inyandiko ya SR ya 2018") nk'ishingiro ryo gushyira mu bikorwa inshingano zayo. Isabwa rikoresha amakuru meza ya siyansi n'ibimenyetso bya siyansi nk'uko bivugwa mu Gice cya 26 (h) na (i) cya TSCA. Urugero, EPA ivuga mu itegeko ryayo rigena methylene chloride ko:
EPA ifata dichloromethane ECEL nk'ubumenyi bwiza buboneka hakurikijwe ingingo ya 26 (h) ya TSCA kuko yavuye mu makuru yavuye mu isuzuma ry'ibyago bya dichloromethane ryo mu 2020, ryavuye mu isesengura ryimbitse ryakozwe. ibizamini byo kumenya ingaruka mbi ku buzima. [ca umurongo munsi]
Nkuko twabyanditse mbere, Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubumenyi, Ubwubatsi n’Ubuvuzi (NASEM) cyasuzumye inyandiko ya SR yo mu 2018 ku busabe bwa EPA maze gifata umwanzuro ugira uti:
Uburyo bwa OPPT bwo gusuzuma neza imiterere y’isuzumabumenyi ntabwo bugaragaza neza ukuri, [kandi] OPPT igomba kongera gusuzuma uburyo bwayo bwo gusuzuma neza imiterere y’isuzumabumenyi no gusuzuma ibitekerezo n’ibyifuzo biri muri iyi raporo.
Abasomyi bibukijwe ko Ingingo ya 26 (h) ya TSCA isaba EPA gufata ibyemezo hakurikijwe siyansi nziza iboneka hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 4, 5, na 6 ya TSCA, zirimo amabwiriza n'uburyo nko gusuzuma ibintu mu buryo busanzwe. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha inyandiko ya SR ya 2018 ya EPA mu isuzuma ryayo rya nyuma ry'ibyago bya dichloromethane nabyo bitera gushidikanya ku iyubahirizwa rya EPA ku bimenyetso bya siyansi bivugwa mu Ingingo ya 26 (i) ya TSCA, EPA ishyira mu cyiciro cya "uburyo bwo gusesengura ibintu mu buryo busanzwe" ku bimenyetso cyangwa mu buryo buhamye. …”
Amategeko abiri yatanzwe na EPA hakurikijwe TSCA Ingingo ya 6 (a), ari yo Chrysotile na Methylene Chloride, agaragaza amategeko agenga amategeko yatanzwe na EPA yo gucunga ibyago ku bindi binyabutabire 10 bisigaye EPA ibona ko biteza ibyago bidasanzwe. Hari ibitekerezo bimwe na bimwe bikoreshwa mu isuzuma rya nyuma ry’ibyago. Inganda zikoresha ibi bintu zigomba kwitegura itegeko rigiye gucibwa, WCPP, cyangwa irekurwa ry’igihe gito risaba kubahiriza WCPP. B&C isaba ko abafatanyabikorwa basuzuma amabwiriza yatanzwe ya methylene chloride, nubwo abasomyi badakoresha methylene chloride, kandi bagatanga ibitekerezo bikwiye, bemeza ko uburyo bwatanzwe bwo gucunga ibyago bya methylene chloride bushobora kuba igice cy’andi mategeko ya EPA y’ejo hazaza. Ibinyabutabire bifite isuzuma rya nyuma ry’ibyago (urugero: 1-bromopropane, tetrachloride karubone, 1,4-dioxane, perchlorethylene na trichlorethylene).
Icyitonderwa: Bitewe n'imiterere rusange y'iri vugurura, amakuru atangwa hano ashobora kudakurikizwa mu bihe byose, kandi ntagomba gukurikizwa hatabayeho inama z'amategeko zihariye hashingiwe ku mimerere yawe.
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