Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) cyasabye ko hajyaho ikoreshwa rya dichloromethane hafi ya yose, izwi kandi ku izina rya dichloromethane, imfashanyo ikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya no gutunganya. Ihagarikwa ry’agateganyo rizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku nganda nyinshi, hamwe n’amapound ari hagati ya miliyoni 100 na 250 z’ama pound y’imiti yakozwe cyangwa yatumijwe mu mwaka wa 2019. Bake basigaye bakoresha, harimo no gukoresha nka reagent yo gukora HFC-32, bazakumirwa cyane kuruta ibipimo bya OSHA biriho ubu.
EPA yatangaje ko hashyizweho ibihano n'ibibujijwe mu itegeko ryashyizweho ryashyizwe ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2023, 83 Fed. kwiyandikisha. 28284. Iki cyifuzo cyabuza abandi baguzi gukoresha dichloromethane. Gukoresha inganda zose nubucuruzi gukoresha dichloromethane, harimo nkamazi yohereza ubushyuhe cyangwa izindi mfashanyo zitunganijwe, kandi byinshi bikoreshwa nkumuti, nabyo birabujijwe, usibye gukoreshwa icumi byihariye, bibiri muribi byihariye. Imikoreshereze yabujijwe kandi idashyizwe ku rutonde irangije iyi miburo. Amategeko mashya yimikoreshereze mugihe kizaza arashobora gukoresha imikoreshereze idashyizwe murutonde urwo arirwo rwose.
Imikoreshereze icumi idakurikijwe ibihano bizatera icyifuzo cyo gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo gukingira imiti ikorerwa ku kazi (WCPP) ishingiye ku gipimo cya OSHA kuri methylene chloride, ariko hamwe n’imiti ihari y’imiti iri munsi ya 92% ugereranije na OSHA ibemerera.
Ababifitemo inyungu bafite kugeza ku ya 3 Nyakanga 2023 gutanga ibisobanuro ku itegeko ryateganijwe. EPA yabajije ibisobanuro ku ngingo 44, zirimo niba icyifuzo cya WCPP kigomba gusimbuza itegeko ryihariye ryakoreshejwe kandi niba gahunda yihuse yo guhagarika bishoboka. EPA yasabye kandi ibisobanuro kubijyanye no gukoresha ibibujijwe byujuje ibisabwa nkibikoreshwa cyangwa ngombwa, kuko nta bundi buryo bwizewe buhari.
Iki cyifuzo ni icya kabiri cyatanzwe na EPA kumiti icumi yingenzi igomba gusuzumwa ningaruka nkuko biteganijwe mu gice cya 6 cy itegeko rigenga ibiyobyabwenge (TSCA). Ubwa mbere, iki nicyifuzo cyo guhagarika ubundi buryo bwose bwo gukoresha chrysotile. Amategeko ya gatatu yerekeye perchlorethylene, yasuzumwe n’ibiro bishinzwe imiyoborere n’ingengo y’imari (OMB) kuva ku ya 23 Gashyantare 2023. Guhera ku ya 20 Werurwe 2023, umushinga w’itegeko rya nyuma rya chrysotile (reba umuburo wacu) urimo gusuzumwa na OMB.
Muri Kamena 2020, isuzuma ry’ibyago ryagaragaje ingaruka zitemewe mu bihe byose uretse bitandatu aho methylene chloride yakoreshejwe. Bose uko ari batandatu ubu bagaragara kurutonde rwamagambo yatanzwe yo gukoresha hubahirijwe ibisabwa na WCPP. Ugushyingo 2022 yasubiwemo ibisobanuro byibyago byagaragaje ko dichloromethane muri rusange itera ibyago bidafite ishingiro, hamwe nuburyo bumwe gusa bwo gukoresha (gukwirakwiza ubucuruzi) butagira ingaruka kubisobanuro. Ihagarikwa ryateganijwe ririmo gukwirakwiza ubucuruzi kubujijwe gukoreshwa, ariko ntabwo ari kubikoresha WCPP. Tumaze kubona ko dichloromethane itera ibyago bidafite ishingiro, Igice cya 6 (a) cya TSCA ubu gisaba EPA gushyiraho amategeko yo gucunga ibyago kumiti kuburyo bukenewe kugirango itagitera ibyago nkibi.
EPA yabanje kubuza abakoresha gukoresha methylene chloride kugirango bakureho amarangi, 40 CFR § 751.105. Muri iki gihe EPA irasaba guhagarika imikoreshereze y’abaguzi yose idakurikijwe n’ingingo ya 751.105, harimo gukora, gutunganya, no gukwirakwiza ubucuruzi bwa methylene chloride n’ibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride kuri izo ntego.
Byongeye kandi, EPA irasaba guhagarika ikoreshwa ry’inganda n’ubucuruzi gukoresha dichloromethane itagengwa n’ibisabwa na WCPP, harimo gukora, gutunganya, gukwirakwiza ubucuruzi, no gukoresha muri ibi bihe bikoreshwa.
Iherezo ryiyi miburo ryerekana urutonde 45 rwinganda, ubucuruzi, n’abaguzi basabwa guhagarikwa. Uru rutonde rwakuwe mu Isuzuma ry’ingaruka za 2020. Byongeye kandi, EPA irateganya gushyiraho amabwiriza akomeye yo gukoresha (SNUR) azakoreshwa kuri dichloromethane cyangwa ibicuruzwa birimo dichloromethane bitashyizwe mu gusuzuma ingaruka. Gahunda yubuyobozi yasohotse muri Mutarama umushinga SNUR iteganijwe muri Mata 2023 (EPA yamaze kubura iyo tariki) na SNUR yanyuma bitarenze Werurwe 2024.
EPA ivuga ko iri tegeko rizabuza hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'umusaruro wa methylene chloride wa buri mwaka cyangwa ibicuruzwa biva muri TSCA n'ibindi bikoreshwa.
[T] yasabye ko amategeko atazakoreshwa ku kintu icyo ari cyo cyose kivuye mu bisobanuro bya “chimique” hakurikijwe ingingo ya 3 (2) (B) (ii) - (vi) ya TSCA. Uku guhezwa kurimo, ariko ntigarukira gusa… ibiryo ibyo aribyo byose, ibiryo byongera ibiryo, ibiyobyabwenge, amavuta yo kwisiga, cyangwa igikoresho, nkuko byasobanuwe mu gice cya 201 cy’amategeko agenga ibiribwa, ibiyobyabwenge, no kwisiga, iyo bikozwe, bitunganijwe, cyangwa bigabanijwe hagamijwe ubucuruzi. . gukoreshwa mu biribwa, inyongeramusaruro, ibiyobyabwenge, kwisiga cyangwa ibikoresho…
Ku bijyanye n’ibifatika mu gukora bateri zigenewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi, nkuko bisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 201 (h) y’Itegeko ry’ibiribwa, ibiyobyabwenge, n’amavuta yo kwisiga, ibyo bisobanuro byujuje ibisabwa byujuje ibisabwa nk '“ibikoresho” iyo “bikozwe, bitunganijwe, cyangwa bigabanywa kugira ngo bikoreshwe nk'igikoresho” byakurwa mu bisobanuro bya “chimique” bityo ntibikurikizwe n’amabwiriza aramutse atezimbere kurushaho.
Gukoresha dichloromethane nk'amazi akora muri sisitemu ifunze mugikorwa cya farumasi bisaba kuyikoresha nk'umuti ukuramo mugusukura ibiyobyabwenge, kandi [EPA] yanzuye avuga ko uku gukoreshwa kutubahiriza ibisobanuro byavuzwe haruguru, kandi atari "imiti" nkuko TSCA ibivuga.
Kubuza gushimangira kugabanya ububiko bwa methylene chloride nibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride. EPA isaba ibisobanuro niba hakenewe igihe cyinyongera, kurugero, gusukura imiyoboro yo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bibujijwe. Urebye icyifuzo cyo gutanga ibisobanuro nonaha, EPA irashobora kuba idashaka gusuzuma ibyifuzo byongerewe kumunsi wanyuma.
Nkuko bigaragazwa n’imikoreshereze 45 yabujijwe gukoreshwa, methylene chloride ikoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi, harimo nk'umuti ndetse n’imfashanyo yo gutunganya. Nkigisubizo, icyifuzo, kiramutse kirangiye, kizagira ingaruka ku nganda nyinshi. Isuzuma ry’ingaruka za 2020 ryerekana bimwe mu bikorwa:
Dichloromethane ifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha, harimo kashe, ibicuruzwa bitwara ibinyabiziga, hamwe no kuvanaho amarangi. Dichloromethane izwi cyane nkigikorwa cyo gukemura amarangi no mubikoresho bya farumasi na firime. Ikoreshwa nk'umuti uhuha polyurethane no mu gukora firigo ya hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) nka HFC-32. Iboneka kandi muri moteri ya aerosol hamwe na solge ikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, gusukura ibyuma no gutesha agaciro, no kurangiza ibikoresho.
Icyizere cyo guhagarika ikoreshwa rya methylene chloride itera kwibaza ibibazo byingutu byashoboka. EPA isuzuma iki kibazo mugihe isuzuma ubundi buryo, busobanurwa mukibanza gikurikira:
Kugirango hamenyekane ingingo zikoreshwa mubicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride, EPA yerekanye amagana yubucuruzi butari methylene chloride ubundi kandi, kuburyo bushoboka, yashyize ku rutonde imiterere yihariye yimiti cyangwa ibiyigize muburyo butandukanye bwo gusuzuma. .
EPA yerekanye ibicuruzwa 65 bisimburwa mubyiciro byo gukuraho irangi no gutwikira, muribwo kurangiza ibikoresho ni icyiciro (reba 48). Nkuko byagaragajwe mu isesengura ry’ubukungu, mu gihe ibyo bicuruzwa byose bidashobora kuba bikwiranye n’intego zihariye zo gusana ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe, uburyo bwa mashini cyangwa ubushyuhe bushobora kuba ubundi buryo butari imiti yo gukoresha ibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride yo gusiga amarangi no kuyikuramo. … EPA yizera ko ku isoko hari ubundi buryo bwa tekiniki n'ubukungu bushoboka ku isoko…
[A] Ubundi buryo bwa methylene chloride itamenyekanye nkibikoresho bifasha gutunganya. EPA irasaba amakuru kubishobora kuba ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha methylene chloride yo gutunganya kuko bijyanye nuburyo bwo kugenzura buteganijwe muri aya masezerano.
Kubura ubundi buryo bwamenyekanye bushobora gukoreshwa nkumugereka nikibazo gishobora kuba. EPA isobanura amagambo yo gukoresha nka:
Gukoresha inganda cyangwa ubucuruzi bwa dichloromethane kugirango utezimbere imikorere yimikorere cyangwa ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa, cyangwa mugihe dichloromethane yongewe mubikorwa cyangwa kubintu cyangwa imvange igomba kuvurwa kugirango ihindure cyangwa ihindure pH yibintu cyangwa imvange. Umukozi uvura ntabwo aba mubice byibisubizo kandi ntabwo bigira ingaruka kumikorere yibintu cyangwa ingingo bivamo.
Dichloromethane ikoreshwa nka "progaramu yinyongera" kandi ikoreshwa nkuburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe muri sisitemu ifunze. Itegeko ryateganijwe kandi ryabuza ikoreshwa rya dichloromethane nubwo rifite ubushobozi buke bwo kugaragara. Ariko, ijambo ry'ibanze ryongeraho:
EPA yasabye ibisobanuro ku kuntu andi mashyirahamwe akoresha methylene chloride nk'imfashanyo yo gutunganya izubahiriza icyifuzo cya WCPP gisabwa kuri methylene chloride. Niba amashyirahamwe menshi ashobora kwerekana binyuze mu guhuza amakuru no gukurikirana ibisobanuro byerekana ko gukomeza gukoresha methylene chloride bidashyira abakozi mu kaga gakabije, EPA yemeza ko ifite ubushake bwo kurangiza amabwiriza aho ibintu [urugero nko gukoresha uburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe] cyangwa uburyo rusange bwo gukoresha [nk'imfashanyo yo gutunganya] bushobora gukomeza hakurikijwe WCPP…
Niyo mpamvu, ibigo bikoresha methylene chloride mubisabwa bifite ingaruka nkeya, nkamazi yohereza ubushyuhe, bafite amahitamo yo gusaba EPA guhindura itegeko ryabuzanyijwe gukoreshwa kugirango bisaba ko WCPP ishyirwa mubikorwa - mugihe bashobora kwereka EPA ko bashobora kubahiriza ibisabwa na WCCP byavuzwe haruguru. Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije nacyo cyavuze:
Niba EPA idashoboye kumenya ubundi buryo ubwo aribwo buryo bwo gukoresha kandi idatanga amakuru yinyongera kugirango EPA imenye ko WCPP ikuraho ingaruka zidafite ishingiro Imyitwarire ikwiye.
Igice cya 6 (d) gisaba EPA gusaba kubahiriza byihuse, ariko bitarenze imyaka 5 nyuma yo gutanga itegeko rya nyuma. Muyandi magambo, imikoreshereze nkiyi irashobora kwemererwa kongererwa igihe cyo kubahiriza.
Kubintu icumi byakoreshejwe byavuzwe haruguru, harimo kubyara no gutunganya umusaruro wa HFC-32, gutunganya no kujugunya, EPA yatanze igitekerezo cyo kugenzura aho bakorera (ni ukuvuga WCPP) muburyo bwo kubuza. Ingamba zo kugenzura zirimo ibisabwa kugirango imipaka igaragare, ahantu hagenzuwe, kugenzura imurikagurisha (harimo ibisabwa bishya byo kugenzura ukurikije imyitozo myiza ya laboratoire), uburyo bwo kubahiriza, kurinda ubuhumekero, kurinda uruhu, n’uburezi. Aya mabwiriza yuzuza OSHA methylene chloride ya 29 CFR § 1910.1052, ariko ahanini ashingiye kuri urwo rwego hamwe nimpinduka imwe yingenzi.
Ibipimo bya OSHA (byabanje kwemezwa mu 1997) bifite Uruhushya rwo Kumenyekanisha (PEL) rwa 25 ppm (impuzandengo yamasaha 8 yuburemere (TWA)) hamwe nigihe gito cyo kwerekana (STEL) ya 125 ppm (iminota 15 TWA). Mugereranije, TSCA yimiti igezweho (ECEL) ni 2 ppm (amasaha 8 TWA) naho STEL ni 16 ppm (iminota 15 TWA). ECEL rero ni 8% gusa ya OSHA PEL na EPA STEL izaba 12.8% ya OSHA STEL. Urwego rwo kugenzura rugomba gukoreshwa hubahirijwe ECEL na STEL, hamwe nubuhanga bwa tekinike nicyo cyambere cyambere no gukoresha ibikoresho byo kurinda umuntu uburyo bwa nyuma.
Ibi bivuze ko abantu bujuje ibyangombwa bya OSHA badashobora kubahiriza ECEL na STEL basabwe. Gushidikanya ku bushobozi bwo kuzuza izo mbibi zerekana ni ikintu cyatumye EPA ibuza gukoresha inganda n’ubucuruzi gukoresha methylene chloride n’ibicuruzwa birimo chloride ya methylene.
Usibye gukora no gutunganya ikoreshwa ryashyizwe ku rutonde, ingingo za WCPP zirakoreshwa no kujugunya no gutunganya methylene chloride n'ibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride. Nkigisubizo, ibigo byo guta imyanda hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bishobora kuba bitamenyereye ibisabwa na TSCA bizakenera kurenga ibipimo bya OSHA.
Urebye ubugari bwateganijwe kubuzwa n’umubare w’inganda zikoreshwa zishobora kugira ingaruka, ibisobanuro kuri iri tegeko ryateganijwe birashobora kuba ingenzi kuruta uko byari bisanzwe. Ibitekerezo bizashyikirizwa EPA bitarenze ku ya 3 Nyakanga 2023.Ijambo ry'ibanze rirasaba ko amashyirahamwe atanga ibisobanuro ku byangombwa bisabwa muri OMB bitarenze ku ya 2 Kamena 2023.
Mbere yo gutanga ibisobanuro, ibigo n’amashyirahamwe yubucuruzi (ukurikije abanyamuryango babo) barashobora gutekereza kuri ibi bikurikira:
Abatanga ibitekerezo barashobora kwifuza gusobanura uburyo bakoresha methylene chloride, igenzura ryubwubatsi kugirango bagabanye imikoreshereze, gahunda ya OSHA ya methylene ya chloride ya OSHA iriho, ibisubizo byo kugenzura isuku y’inganda ya methylene chloride (nuburyo igereranya na ECEL na STEL igereranya). ; ibibazo bya tekiniki bijyana no kumenya cyangwa guhinduranya ubundi buryo bwa methylene chloride kugirango ikoreshwe; itariki bashobora guhinduranya mubindi (niba bishoboka); n'akamaro ko gukoresha methylene chloride.
Ibitekerezo nkibi birashobora gushyigikira iyongerwa ryigihe cyo kuyikoresha, cyangwa EPA isabwa gusonera ikoreshwa rya methylene chloride kubuzwa gukurikiza ingingo ya 6 (g) ya TSCA. Igice cya 6 (g) (1) kivuga:
Niba umuyobozi asanze ibyo…
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(B) kubahiriza ibisabwa bikurikizwa mu buryo bwihariye bwo gukoresha bishobora guhungabanya cyane ubukungu bw’igihugu, umutekano w’igihugu, cyangwa ibikorwa remezo bikomeye; cyangwa
(C) Ibihe byagenwe byo gukoresha imiti cyangwa imvange bitanga ubuzima bwiza, ibidukikije cyangwa umutekano rusange mugihe ugereranije nubundi buryo bushoboka.
Shyiramo ibisabwa, harimo kubika inyandiko zumvikana, kugenzura no gutanga raporo zisabwa, kugeza aho Umuyobozi agena ko ibyo bisabwa ari ngombwa kurengera ubuzima n’ibidukikije mugihe wujuje intego yo gusonerwa.
Ijambo ry'ibanze rivuga ko EPA izatekereza kureka Igice cya 6 (g) niba nta bundi buryo bufatika kandi bujuje ibisabwa na WCPP bidashoboka:
Ubundi, niba EPA idashoboye kumenya ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha [nkuburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe] kandi, bushingiye kumakuru mashya, EPA yemeza ko guhagarika ikoreshwa byagira ingaruka zikomeye kumutekano wigihugu cyangwa ibikorwa remezo bikomeye, Ikigo EPA kizasuzuma TSCA Igice cya 6 (g).
Abatanga ibitekerezo barashobora kwerekana niba bashobora kuzuza ibisabwa na WCPP, kandi niba atari byo, nibiki bigabanya ibisabwa bashobora guhura nabyo.
Inshingano: Kubera imiterere rusange yiri vugurura, amakuru yatanzwe hano ntashobora gukurikizwa mubihe byose, kandi ntagomba gukurikizwa nta nama zemewe n'amategeko zishingiye kubibazo byawe.
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