Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika (EPA) cyatanze igitekerezo cyo guhagarika ikoreshwa rya dichloromethane hafi ya ryose, izwi kandi nka dichloromethane, umuti ukoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya no gutunganya. Iri tegeko rizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku nganda nyinshi, aho hagati ya miliyoni 100 na 250 z'imiti ikorwa cyangwa itumizwa mu mahanga mu 2019. Imikoreshereze mike isigaye, harimo no gukoresha nk'ikintu gikoreshwa mu gukora HFC-32, izagengwa n'amabwiriza akomeye kurusha amahame ya OSHA ariho ubu.
EPA yatangaje itegeko ryatanzwe ryo guhagarika n'amabwiriza mu itegeko ryashyizweho ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2023, 83 Fed. register. 28284. Iki cyifuzo kizahagarika ubundi buryo bwose bwo gukoresha dichloromethane ku baguzi. Gukoresha dichloromethane mu nganda no mu bucuruzi, harimo n'amazi yo kohereza ubushyuhe cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo kuyikoresha, ndetse n'ikoreshwa ryinshi nk'umusemburo, nabyo bizabujijwe, usibye ikoreshwa icumi ryihariye, ribiri muri ryo rikaba ryihariye cyane. Gukoresha bibujijwe n'ibibujijwe biravugwa ku musozo w'uyu muburo. Amategeko mashya y'ingenzi yo gukoresha mu gihe kizaza ashobora kuba akubiyemo ikoreshwa ritari mu rutonde urwo arirwo rwose.
Imikoreshereze icumi itagengwa n’iri tegeko izatera itegeko ryo gushyira mu bikorwa Gahunda yo Kurinda Ibinyabutabire mu Kazi (WCPP) ishingiye ku gipimo cya OSHA cya methylene chloride, ariko hamwe n’imipaka iriho y’ibinyabutabire iri munsi ya 92% ugereranije n’iyo OSHA yemerera.
Abantu babyifuza bafite kugeza ku ya 3 Nyakanga 2023 kugira ngo batange ibitekerezo ku itegeko ryatanzwe. EPA yasabye ibitekerezo ku ngingo 44, harimo niba itegeko rya WCPP rigomba gusimbura itegeko ryihariye ribuza ikoreshwa ry’ibicuruzwa ndetse niba gahunda yo kwihutisha ikoreshwa ry’ibicuruzwa ishoboka. EPA yasabye kandi gutanga ibitekerezo ku niba ikoreshwa ribujijwe rishobora gukoreshwa nk’iry’ingenzi cyangwa ry’ingenzi, kuko nta bundi buryo bwizewe buhari.
Iki gitekerezo ni icya kabiri cyatanzwe na EPA ku bintu icumi by'ingenzi bishobora gupimwa ingaruka nk'uko biteganywa n'ingingo ya 6 y'Itegeko ryo Kurwanya Ibiyobyabwenge (TSCA). Icya mbere, iki ni igitekerezo cyo guhagarika ibindi byose bikoreshwa bya chrysotile. Itegeko rya gatatu rireba perchlorethylene, ryasuzumwe n'Ibiro bishinzwe imicungire n'ingengo y'imari (OMB) kuva ku ya 23 Gashyantare 2023. Guhera ku ya 20 Werurwe 2023, umushinga w'itegeko rya nyuma rya chrysotile (reba umuburo wacu) uri gusuzumwa na OMB.
Isuzuma ry’ibyago ryo muri Kamena 2020 ryagaragaje ibyago bitari ngombwa mu bintu byose uretse bitandatu byakoreshejwe muri methylene chloride. Byose uko ari bitandatu ubu bigaragara ku rutonde rw’amabwiriza yatanzwe y’ikoreshwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa na WCPP. Ibisobanuro byavuguruwe byo mu Ugushyingo 2022 by’ibyago byagaragaje ko dichloromethane itera ibyago bidashoboka muri rusange, aho itegeko rimwe gusa ryo kuyikoresha (gukwirakwiza mu bucuruzi) ritajyanye n’ibisobanuro. Ihagarikwa ryatanzwe ryaba ririmo gukwirakwiza mu bucuruzi ku mpamvu zibujijwe, ariko atari ku ikoreshwa ryemewe na WCPP. Nyuma yo gusanga dichloromethane itera ibyago bidashoboka, Ingingo ya 6 (a) ya TSCA ubu isaba EPA gushyiraho amategeko agenga imicungire y’ibyago kuri iyi shimi ku rugero rukenewe kugira ngo itazongera guteza ibyago nk’ibyo.
Mbere EPA yabuzaga abaguzi gukoresha methylene chloride mu gukuraho irangi n'amabara, 40 CFR § 751.105. EPA ubu irateganya guhagarika ikoreshwa ryose ry'abaguzi ritavugwa mu ngingo ya 751.105, harimo no gukora, gutunganya no gukwirakwiza methylene chloride n'ibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride muri izo ntego.
Byongeye kandi, EPA irateganya guhagarika ikoreshwa ryose rya dichloromethane mu nganda no mu bucuruzi ridakurikije ibisabwa na WCPP, harimo inganda, gutunganya, gukwirakwiza mu bucuruzi, no gukoresha muri ibi bihe by’ikoreshwa.
Isoza ry'uyu muburo rigaragaza imiterere 45 y'inganda, ubucuruzi, n'abaguzi iteganijwe guhagarikwa. Uru rutonde rwakuwe mu Isuzuma ry'Ibibazo ryo mu 2020. Byongeye kandi, EPA irateganya gushyiraho Itegeko Nshya Rikomeye (SNUR) rizakoreshwa kuri dichloromethane iyo ari yo yose cyangwa ibicuruzwa birimo dichloromethane bitashyizwe mu isuzuma ry'ibibazo. Gahunda y'amategeko yasohotse muri Mutarama ivuga ko SNUR yateganijwe bitarenze Mata 2023 (EPA yamaze kubura iyo tariki) na SNUR ya nyuma bitarenze Werurwe 2024.
EPA ivuga ko iri hagarikwa rizaba rigizwe na kimwe cya gatatu cy’umusaruro wa methylene chloride buri mwaka cyangwa itumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo ikoreshwe muri TSCA n’ibindi bikorwa.
[T] Itegeko ryatanzwe ntirizakoreshwa ku kintu icyo ari cyo cyose kitari mu bisobanuro bya "chemical" nk'uko biteganywa n'Ingingo ya 3 (2) (B) (ii) - (vi) ya TSCA. Ibi bintu bitarimo birimo, ariko ntibigarukira gusa kuri… ibiryo, inyongeramusaruro, imiti, ubwiza, cyangwa igikoresho, nk'uko bisobanurwa mu Ngingo ya 201 y'Itegeko rya Leta rigenga ibiribwa, imiti, n'ubwiza, iyo byakozwe, bigatunganywa, cyangwa bigatangwa mu nyungu z'ubucuruzi. . bikoreshwa mu biribwa, inyongeramusaruro, imiti, ubwiza cyangwa ibikoresho…
Ku bijyanye n'ubukorikori mu gukora bateri zigenewe gukoreshwa mu buvuzi, nk'uko bisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 201 (h) y'Itegeko rya Leta rigenga ibiribwa, imiti n'ubwiza, ikoreshwa ryagenwe ryitwa "ibikoresho" mu gihe "byakozwe, byatunganyijwe, cyangwa byakwirakwijwe kugira ngo bikoreshwe nk'igikoresho" byakurwa mu gisobanuro cya "chimique" bityo ntibizagengwa n'amabwiriza mu gihe byakomeza gutezwa imbere.
Gukoresha dichloromethane nk'amazi akora mu buryo bufunze mu buryo bw'imiti bisaba ko ikoreshwa nk'umuti ukuraho imiti mu gusukura imiti, kandi [EPA] yemeje ko iyi mikoreshereze inyuranyije n'ibisobanuro byavuzwe haruguru, atari "imiti" nk'uko TSCA ibivuga.
Kubuza abantu gukoresha uburyo bwo kubika methylene chloride n'ibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride. EPA irasaba igitekerezo niba hakenewe igihe cy'inyongera, urugero, kugira ngo hasukurwe inzira zo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bibujijwe. Bitewe n'ubusabe bwo gutanga igitekerezo ubu, EPA ishobora kuba idashaka gusuzuma ubusabe bwo kongera igihe mu gihe kiri imbere.
Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amabwiriza 45 abuzanywa gukoresha, methylene chloride ikoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi, harimo nk’umusemburo n’ubufasha mu gutunganya. Kubera iyo mpamvu, igitekerezo, nikiramuka cyemejwe, kizagira ingaruka ku nganda nyinshi. Isuzuma ry’ibyago ryo mu 2020 rigaragaza bimwe mu bice bigomba gukoreshwa:
Dichloromethane ifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kuyikoresha, harimo ibifunga, ibikoresho by'imodoka, n'ibikuraho irangi n'amabara. Dichloromethane izwi cyane nk'umusemburo mu byuma bigabanya amarangi no mu mikoreshereze y'imiti n'amabara. Ikoreshwa nk'umusemburo wo gushyushya polyurethane no mu gukora ibyuma bikonjesha bya hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) nka HFC-32. Iboneka kandi mu byuma bisukura aerosol n'ibisukura bikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, gusukura no gukuraho amavuta mu byuma, no kurangiza ibikoresho byo mu nzu.
Icyizere cyo guhagarika ikoreshwa rya methylene chloride gitera ibibazo bikomeye ku buryo bushoboka. EPA isuzuma iki kibazo mu gihe isuzuma ubundi buryo, nk'uko bivugwa mu ntangiriro ku buryo bukurikira:
Kugira ngo hamenyekane amabwiriza agenga ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride ubu, EPA yatoranyije amagana y'ibindi bicuruzwa bitari methylene chloride biboneka ku isoko, kandi ku buryo bushoboka, yashyize ahagaragara imiterere yabyo cyangwa ibintu byihariye mu Isuzuma ry'Ibindi Bicuruzwa.
EPA yasanze hari ibindi bicuruzwa 65 mu cyiciro cy’abakuraho irangi n’amabara, aho kurangiza ibikoresho byo mu nzu ari igice gito (reba 48). Nk’uko byavuzwe mu isesengura ry’ubukungu, nubwo ibi bicuruzwa byose bitari byiza mu buryo bwihariye bwo gusana ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe, uburyo bwa mekanike cyangwa ubushyuhe bushobora kuba ubundi buryo butari ubwa shimi aho gukoresha ibintu birimo methylene chloride mu gukuraho irangi n’amabara. … …EPA yizera ko hari ubundi buryo bufatika mu rwego rwa tekiniki no mu bukungu ku isoko…
[A] Ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha methylene chloride butagaragaye nk'ubufasha mu gutunganya. EPA irasaba amakuru ku buryo bwo gukoresha methylene chloride bushobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya methylene chloride nk'uko bifitanye isano n'uburyo bwo kugenzura buteganywa muri aya masezerano.
Kubura andi mahitamo yagaragajwe ashobora gukoreshwa nk'inyongera ni ikibazo gishobora kubaho. EPA isobanura amabwiriza agenga ikoreshwa muri aya magambo:
Gukoresha dichloromethane mu nganda cyangwa mu bucuruzi kugira ngo inoze imikorere y'ibikoresho bikorerwa mu nganda cyangwa mu gutunganya, cyangwa iyo dichloromethane yongewe mu gutunganya cyangwa mu kintu cyangwa mu ruvange kugira ngo bihindure cyangwa bivange pH y'ikintu cyangwa uruvange. Umuti uvura ntuba igice cy'umusaruro w'ibisubizo kandi ntugira ingaruka ku mikorere y'ikintu cyangwa ikintu kivamo.
Dichloromethane ikoreshwa nk'"inyongeramusaruro" kandi ikoreshwa nk'uburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe muri sisitemu zifunze. Itegeko ryatanzwe ryabuza kandi ikoreshwa rya dichloromethane nubwo ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwangirika. Ariko, ibanze ryongeraho:
EPA yasabye ibitekerezo ku buryo andi mashyirahamwe akoresha methylene chloride nk'inkunga yo gutunganya azubahiriza ibisabwa na WCPP kuri methylene chloride. Niba amashyirahamwe menshi ashobora kugaragaza binyuze mu guhuza amakuru akurikirana n'ibisobanuro by'imikorere ko gukomeza gukoresha methylene chloride bidashyira abakozi mu kaga kadasanzwe, EPA yemeza ko yiteguye kurangiza itegeko rigena uko ibintu bimeze [urugero: gukoresha nk'uburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe] cyangwa imiterere rusange yo gukoresha [nk'inkunga yo gutunganya] bishobora gukomeza hakurikijwe WCPP…
Bityo, amasosiyete akoresha methylene chloride mu bikorwa bifite ingaruka nke, nk'amazi yo kohereza ubushyuhe, afite amahitamo yo gusaba EPA guhindura itegeko ribuza ikoreshwa nk'iryo kugira ngo WCPP ishyirwe mu bikorwa—mu gihe ashobora kwereka EPA ko ashobora kubahiriza ibisabwa na WCCP bivugwa hano hepfo. Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije cyavuze kandi ko:
Niba EPA idashoboye kugaragaza ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha iyi ngingo kandi ntitange andi makuru kugira ngo EPA ishobore kwemeza ko WCPP ikuraho ingaruka zidasanzwe, Uburyo bukwiye bwo kuyikoresha.
Ingingo ya 6 (d) isaba ko EPA isaba kubahiriza amategeko vuba bishoboka, ariko bitarenze imyaka 5 nyuma y’uko itegeko rya nyuma ritanzwe. Mu yandi magambo, ikoreshwa nk’iryo rishobora kuba ryujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo igihe cyo kubahiriza amategeko kiyongere.
Ku ngingo icumi z'ikoreshwa zavuzwe hano hasi, harimo gukora no gutunganya HFC-32, kongera gukoresha no gutata, EPA yatanze amabwiriza yo kugenzura ibikorwa byo mu kazi (ni ukuvuga WCPP) nk'uburyo bwo kugabanya ingaruka. Ingamba zo kugenzura zirimo ibisabwa ku nzitizi zo guhura n'ibintu, ahantu hagenzurwa, kugenzura ibikorwa byo guhura n'ibintu (harimo n'ibisabwa bishya byo gukurikirana hakurikijwe uburyo bwiza bwo muri laboratwari), uburyo bwo kubahiriza amategeko, kurinda ubuhumekero, kurinda uruhu, no kwigisha. Aya mabwiriza yuzuza amahame ya OSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, ariko ahanini ashingiye kuri ayo mahame hamwe n'impinduka imwe ikomeye.
Amabwiriza ya OSHA (yatangiye kwemezwa mu 1997) afite ikigereranyo cyemewe cyo kugaragara (PEL) cya 25 ppm (impuzandengo y'amasaha 8-weighted time (TWA)) n'ikigereranyo cy'igihe gito cyo kugaragara (STEL) cya 125 ppm (TWA y'iminota 15). Ugereranije, ikigereranyo cy'ubuziranenge bwa TSCA Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) ni 2 ppm (TWA y'amasaha 8) naho STEL ni 16 ppm (TWA y'iminota 15). Bityo rero ECEL ni 8% gusa bya OSHA PEL naho EPA STEL izaba 12.8% bya OSHA STEL. Urwego rwo kugenzura rugomba gukoreshwa hakurikijwe ECEL na STEL, aho kugenzura tekiniki ari byo by'ingenzi kandi gukoresha ibikoresho byo kwirinda ni byo bya nyuma.
Ibi bivuze ko abantu bujuje ibisabwa na OSHA bashobora kutujuje ibisabwa na ECEL na STEL. Gushidikanya ku bushobozi bwo kuzuza izi mbibi zo kwangirika ni ikintu cyatumye EPA ihagarika ikoreshwa ryinshi ry’inganda n’ubucuruzi rya methylene chloride n’ibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride.
Uretse ibyavuzwe mu nganda no gutunganya, ingingo za WCPP ziranareba ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya methylene chloride n’ibicuruzwa birimo methylene chloride. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amasosiyete atunganya imyanda n’abayitunganya bashobora kuba batazi ibisabwa na TSCA bazakenera kurenga ku mahame ya OSHA.
Bitewe n'ubugari bw'ihagarikwa ry'iri tegeko n'umubare w'inganda zishobora kugira ingaruka, ibitekerezo kuri iri tegeko bishobora kuba ingenzi kurusha uko bisanzwe. Ibitekerezo bizashyikirizwa EPA bitarenze ku ya 3 Nyakanga 2023. Intangiriro isaba ko imiryango yohereza ibitekerezo ku byangombwa by'impapuro kuri OMB bitarenze ku ya 2 Kamena 2023.
Mbere yo gutanga igitekerezo, amasosiyete n'amashyirahamwe y'ubucuruzi (ukurikije uko abanyamuryango babo babibona) bashobora gutekereza ku bikurikira:
Abatanga ibitekerezo bashobora gushaka gusobanura ikoreshwa rya methylene chloride, uburyo bakoresha mu kugenzura imikorere y’ibinyabutabire kugira ngo bagabanye ubwiyongere bw’ibinyabutabire, gahunda igezweho yo kubahiriza OSHA methylene chloride, ibyavuye mu igenzura ry’isuku y’inganda rya methylene chloride (n’uko igereranywa n’igereranya rya ECEL na STEL). ; ibibazo bya tekiniki bifitanye isano no kumenya cyangwa guhindura ikoreshwa rya methylene chloride; itariki bashobora guhindura bagakoresha ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabutabire (niba bishoboka); n’akamaro ko gukoresha methylene chloride.
Ibitekerezo nk'ibi bishobora gushyigikira ko igihe cyo kubahiriza amategeko kiyongera, cyangwa itegeko rya EPA ryo gukuraho ikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe rya methylene chloride mu itegeko ribuzanywa hakurikijwe Ingingo ya 6 (g) ya TSCA. Ingingo ya 6 (g) (1) ivuga iti:
Niba umuyobozi asanze…
(A) imikoreshereze yavuzwe ni imikoreshereze y'ingenzi cyangwa y'ingenzi idafite ubundi buryo butekanye bushoboka mu rwego rwa tekiniki n'ubukungu, hashingiwe ku ngaruka n'ingaruka;
(B) kubahiriza ibisabwa bireba amabwiriza yihariye yo gukoresha bishobora guhungabanya cyane ubukungu bw'igihugu, umutekano w'igihugu, cyangwa ibikorwa remezo by'ingenzi; cyangwa
(C) Imikoreshereze y’imiti cyangwa uruvange itangwa itanga inyungu ikomeye ku buzima, ibidukikije cyangwa umutekano rusange ugereranije n’ubundi buryo bushoboka.
Shyiramo amabwiriza, harimo no kubika inyandiko, gukurikirana no gutanga raporo mu buryo bukwiye, kugeza igihe Umuyobozi agennye ko aya mategeko ari ngombwa kugira ngo habeho kurengera ubuzima n'ibidukikije mu gihe byujuje intego yo gusonerwa.
Incamake ivuga ko EPA izasuzuma gukuraho Ingingo ya 6 (g) niba nta bundi buryo bushoboka kandi kuzuza ibisabwa na WCPP bidashoboka:
Ubundi buryo, niba EPA idashoboye kugena ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha ubu buryo [nk'uburyo bwo kohereza ubushyuhe] kandi, hashingiwe ku makuru mashya, EPA ikemeza ko guhagarika ikoreshwa byagira ingaruka zikomeye ku mutekano w'igihugu cyangwa ibikorwa remezo by'ingenzi, Ikigo cya EPA kizasuzuma itegeko rya TSCA Ingingo ya 6 (g).
Abatanga ibitekerezo bashobora kugaragaza niba bashobora kuzuza ibisabwa na WCPP, kandi niba bitabaye ibyo, ibisabwa ku birebana no kugaragara bashobora kuzuza.
Icyitonderwa: Bitewe n'imiterere rusange y'iri vugurura, amakuru atangwa hano ashobora kudakurikizwa mu bihe byose, kandi ntagomba gukurikizwa hatabayeho inama z'amategeko zihariye hashingiwe ku mimerere yawe.
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