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Umwanda wa Cadmium (Cd) ushobora guteza akaga ku mutekano w’ubuhinzi bw’ikimera cy’umuti cya Panax notoginseng muri Yunnan. Mu gihe cy’ingufu za Cd zo hanze, hakozwe igerageza ryo mu murima kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka zo gukoresha ishwagara (0, 750, 2250 na 3750 kg/h/m2) no gutera aside oxalic (0, 0.1 na 0.2 mol/L) ku kwegeranya Cd na antioxydant. Ibice bigize Panax notoginseng mu buryo bw’umubiri n’ubuvuzi. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko munsi y’ingufu za Cd, ishwagara rya lime na aside oxalic bishobora kongera Ca2+ muri Panax notoginseng no kugabanya uburozi bwa Cd2+. Kongeramo ishwagara na aside oxalic byongereye imikorere ya enzymes antioxydant kandi bihindura imikorere y’ibikoresho bigenzura osmotic. Icyihariye ni ukwiyongera kw’imikorere ya CAT inshuro 2.77. Kubera ingaruka za aside oxalic, imikorere ya SOD yariyongereyeho inshuro 1.78. Ingano ya MDA yagabanutseho 58.38%. Hari isano ikomeye cyane n'isukari ishongesha, aside amine yigenga, proline na poroteyine ishongesha. Lime na aside oxalic bishobora kongera ingano ya calcium ion (Ca2+) ya Panax notoginseng, bikagabanya ingano ya Cd, bikongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya stress ya Panax notoginseng, kandi byongera umusaruro wa saponins na flavonoids zose. Ingano ya Cd ni yo iri hasi cyane, iri munsi ya 68.57% ugereranije n'iy'igenzura, kandi ihuye n'agaciro gasanzwe (Cd≤0.5 mg kg-1, GB/T 19086-2008). Igipimo cya SPN cyari 7.73%, kigera ku rwego rwo hejuru mu miti yose, kandi ingano ya flavonoids yiyongereye cyane kuri 21.74%, igera ku gaciro gasanzwe k'ubuvuzi n'umusaruro mwiza.
Kadiyumu (Cd) ni ikintu gikunze kwanduza ubutaka buhingwa, cyimuka byoroshye kandi gifite uburozi bukomeye mu binyabuzima. El-Shafei n'abandi batangaje ko uburozi bwa kadiyumu bugira ingaruka ku bwiza n'umusaruro w'ibimera bikoreshwa. Ingano ikabije ya kadiyumu mu butaka buhingwa mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubushinwa yabaye mbi cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha. Intara ya Yunnan ni ubwami bw'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima mu Bushinwa, aho amoko y'ibimera bivura aza ku mwanya wa mbere mu gihugu. Ariko, Intara ya Yunnan ikungahaye ku mabuye y'agaciro, kandi inzira yo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro itera umwanda mu butaka, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ibimera bivura byo mu gace.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3) ni ikimera cy’agaciro gakomeye cy’ibimera bivamo ibyatsi kibarizwa mu bwoko bwa Panax yo mu muryango wa Araliaceae. Panax notoginseng ifasha amaraso gutembera neza, ikuraho amaraso adahagarara kandi ikagabanya ububabare. Agace gahingwamo ni Intara ya Wenshan, Intara ya Yunnan5. Ubutaka burenga 75% by’ubutaka bwo mu gace gahingwamo ginseng ya Panax notoginseng bwanduye cadmium, aho urugero ruba hagati ya 81% na 100% mu duce dutandukanye6. Ingaruka z’uburozi bwa Cd zigabanya cyane ikorwa ry’ibice bigize Panax notoginseng, cyane cyane saponins na flavonoids. Saponins ni ubwoko bw’ibinyabutabire bya glycosidic bifite aglycones ari triterpenoids cyangwa spirostanes. Ni byo bintu by’ingenzi bigize imiti gakondo myinshi y’Abashinwa kandi birimo saponins. Saponins zimwe na zimwe zifite imikorere ya bagiteri cyangwa ibikorwa by’agaciro bya biyolojiya nko kurwanya indwara zo mu mutwe, gusinziriza no kurwanya kanseri7. Flavonoids muri rusange yerekeza ku ruhererekane rw'ibintu aho impeta ebyiri za benzene zifite amatsinda ya phenolic hydroxyl zihuzwa binyuze mu atome eshatu za karuboni. Igice cy'ingenzi ni 2-phenylchromanone 8. Ni antioxydant ikomeye ishobora gukuraho neza uturemangingo tw’umwuka wa ogisijeni mu bimera. Ishobora kandi kubuza enzymes z’ubushyuhe kwinjira, igatuma ibikomere bikira kandi bigatanga ububabare, kandi ikagabanya urugero rwa cholesterol. Ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize Panax notoginseng. Hakenewe byihutirwa gukemura ikibazo cy’ubwandu bwa cadmium mu butaka mu duce dukorerwamo ginseng ya Panax no kwemeza ko ibikoresho byayo by’ingenzi bikorerwamo imiti bitangwa.
Lime ni imwe mu zikoreshwa cyane mu gusukura ubutaka busanzwe buva mu kwanduzwa na cadmium10. Igira ingaruka ku kwinjizwa no gushyirwa kwa Cd mu butaka binyuze mu kugabanya ubushobozi bwa Cd mu butaka binyuze mu kongera pH no guhindura ubushobozi bwo guhinduranya ubutaka (CEC), kuzura umunyu mu butaka (BS) no kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe mu butaka (Eh)3, 11. Byongeye kandi, lime itanga Ca2+ nyinshi, ikora antagonsisme ya ionic na Cd2+, ihangana n'ahantu ho kwinjizwa mu mizi, ikabuza kwinjizwa kwa Cd mu butaka, kandi ifite uburozi buke bw'ibinyabuzima. Iyo hongewemo 50 mmol L-1 Ca munsi y'ubushyuhe bwa Cd, kwinjizwa kwa Cd mu mababi ya sesame byarahagaritswe kandi kwinjizwa kwa Cd byaragabanutseho 80%. Hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi nk'ubwo bwagaragaye mu muceri (Oryza sativa L.) no mu bindi bihingwa12,13.
Gutera ibimera ku bimera mu buryo bwo kugenzura ubwiyongere bw'ibyuma biremereye ni uburyo bushya bwo kugenzura ubwiyongere bw'ibyuma biremereye mu myaka ya vuba aha. Ihame ryayo rifitanye isano ahanini n'uburyo bwo gutera ibimera mu turemangingo tw'ibimera, bigatuma ibyuma biremereye bishyirwa ku rukuta rw'uturemangingo kandi bikabuza ubwiyongere bw'ibyuma biremereye n'ibimera14,15. Nk'ikintu gikomeza gutera ibimera mu buryo buhamye, aside oxalic ishobora gutera ibimera mu buryo butaziguye, bityo ikagabanya uburozi. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko aside oxalic iri muri soya ishobora gutera ibimera Cd2+ no kurekura kristu zirimo Cd binyuze mu turemangingo two hejuru twa trichome, ikagabanya urugero rwa Cd2+ mu mubiri16. Aside oxalic ishobora kugenzura pH y'ubutaka, yongera imikorere ya superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) na catalase (CAT), kandi ikagenzura uburyo isukari ishongera, poroteyine ishongera, aside amine yigenga na proline byinjira. Abagenzuzi ba metabolisme17,18. Aside na Ca2+ irenze mu kimera bikora calcium oxalate precipitate binyuze mu bikorwa bya poroteyine zitera ibimera. Kugenzura ingano ya Ca2+ mu bimera bishobora gutuma habaho kugenzurwa neza kwa aside oxalic na Ca2+ mu bimera no kwirinda ubwinshi bukabije bwa aside oxalic na Ca2+ 19,20.
Ingano y'indimu ikoreshwa ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo gusana. Byagaragaye ko igipimo cy'indimu cyari hagati ya 750 na 6000 kg / m2. Ku butaka bufite aside ifite pH ya 5.0 ~ 5.5, ingaruka zo gukoresha indimu ku gipimo cya 3000 ~ 6000 kg / h / m2 ni nyinshi cyane ugereranyije n'igipimo cya 750 kg / h / m221. Ariko, gukoresha indimu cyane bizatera ingaruka mbi ku butaka, nko guhinduka gukomeye mu butaka no gufungana k'ubutaka22. Kubwibyo, twasobanuye urugero rwa CaO nka 0, 750, 2250 na 3750 kg hm-2. Ubwo aside oxalic yashyirwaga kuri Arabidopsis thaliana, byagaragaye ko Ca2 + yagabanutse cyane ku gipimo cya 10 mmol L-1, kandi umuryango wa CRT gene, ugira ingaruka ku bimenyetso bya Ca2 +, wabyitabiriye cyane20. Gukusanya bimwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere byatumye tumenya ingano y'iki kizamini no kwiga ingaruka z'imikoranire y'inyongeramusaruro ku bimera bya Ca2+ na Cd2+23,24,25. Kubwibyo, ubu bushakashatsi bugamije gusuzuma uburyo bwo kugenzura uburyo ibimera bisuka mu mababi ya lime na aside oxalic ku gipimo cya Cd no kwihanganira Panax notoginseng mu butaka bwanduye Cd no gukomeza gushakisha uburyo bwo kurushaho kwemeza ubuziranenge n'imikorere y'imiti. Umusaruro wa Panax notoginseng. Atanga ubuyobozi bw'ingirakamaro ku kongera ingano y'ubuhinzi bw'ibimera mu butaka bwanduye cadmium no kugera ku musaruro mwiza kandi urambye usabwa n'isoko ry'imiti.
Hakoreshejwe ubwoko bwa ginseng bwo muri ako gace bwa Wenshan Panax notoginseng nk'ibikoresho, hakozwe igerageza mu murima i Lannizhai, Akarere ka Qiubei, Intara ya Wenshan, Intara ya Yunnan (24°11′N, 104°3′E, ubutumburuke bwa metero 1446). Ubushyuhe busanzwe bw'umwaka ni 17°C kandi imvura isanzwe y'umwaka ni 1250 mm. Ingano y'ubutaka bwakoreweho ubushakashatsi ni TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, OM 31.86 g kg-1, alkali hidrolised N 88.82 mg kg-1, idafite fosifore. 18.55 mg kg-1, potasiyumu yigenga 100.37 mg kg-1, cadmium yose 0.3 mg kg-1, pH 5.4.
Ku itariki ya 10 Ukuboza 2017, 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2·2.5H2O) n'ivumbikwa ry'indimu (0, 750, 2250 na 3750 kg/h/m2) byavanzwe bishyirwa ku butaka mu urwego rwa cm 0 ~ 10 za buri gice cy'ubutaka. . Buri gikorwa cyasubiwemo inshuro 3. Imirima yo kugerageza ishyirwa ahantu hatandukanye, buri gice cy'ubutaka gitwikiriye ubuso bwa m2 3. Imbuto za Panax notoginseng z'umwaka umwe zatewe nyuma y'iminsi 15 yo guhinga. Mu gihe ukoresha umuyoboro w'izuba, ubukana bw'ubukana bwa Panax notoginseng mu ruziga rw'izuba ni hafi 18% by'ubukana bw'ubukana bw'urumuri rusanzwe. Guhinga bikorwa hakurikijwe uburyo gakondo bwo guhinga. Mbere y'uko Panax notoginseng yera mu 2019, tera aside oxalic mu buryo bwa sodium oxalate. Igipimo cya aside ya oxalic cyari 0, 0.1 na 0.2 mol L-1, uko bikurikirana, kandi NaOH yakoreshejwe mu guhindura pH kuri 5.16 kugira ngo yigane pH mpuzandengo y'umuti w'ibimera bivangwa n'amazi. Siga hejuru no hasi ku mababi rimwe mu cyumweru saa mbiri za mu gitondo. Nyuma yo gutera imiti inshuro 4 mu cyumweru cya 5, ibimera bya Panax notoginseng by'imyaka 3 byasaruwe.
Mu Gushyingo 2019, ibimera bya Panax notoginseng by'imyaka itatu byakusanyijwe mu murima bishyirwamo aside oxalic. Ingero zimwe z'ibimera bya Panax notoginseng by'imyaka itatu byagombaga gupimwa kugira ngo birebe ko bifite imikorere myiza y'umubiri n'imikorere ya enzymes zashyizwe mu miyoboro kugira ngo bikonje., bikonjeshwa vuba na azote y'amazi hanyuma byimurirwa muri firigo kuri -80°C. Ingero zimwe z'imizi zagombaga gupimwa Cd n'ibikubiye mu bikoresho mu gihe cyo gukura zogejwe n'amazi ya robine, byumishwa kuri 105°C mu gihe cy'iminota 30, ku buremere buhoraho kuri 75°C, hanyuma bisya mu gishishwa kugira ngo bibikwe.
Pima garama 0.2 z'ibimera byumye, ubishyire mu icupa rya Erlenmeyer, ongeramo mililitiro 8 za HNO3 na mililitiro 2 za HClO4 hanyuma upfuke ijoro ryose. Ku munsi ukurikiyeho, koresha umuyoboro ugoramye washyizwe mu icupa rya Erlenmeyer kugira ngo uryoherwe n'ubushyuhe kugeza igihe umwotsi wera ugaragara kandi umutobe w'igogora ukamanuka. Nyuma yo gukonja kugeza ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, uruvange rwimurirwa mu icupa rya mililitiro 10 z'ubushyuhe. Ingano ya Cd yagenwe hakoreshejwe spectrometer ya atome absorption (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Pima garama 0.2 z'ibimera byumye, ubishyire mu icupa rya pulasitiki rya mililitiro 50, ongeramo mol 1 L-1 HCL muri mililitiro 10, upfundikize hanyuma uzunguze neza mu masaha 15 hanyuma uyungurure. Ukoresheje pipette, shyiramo ingano ikenewe ya filtrate, uyivange neza hanyuma wongeremo umuti wa SrCl2 kugira ngo ugeze kuri garama 1 ya L-1. Ingano ya Ca yapimwe hakoreshejwe spectrometer ya atome absorption (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) na catalase (CAT) uburyo bwo gupima (DNM-9602, Beijing Prong New Technology Co., Ltd., kwandikisha ibicuruzwa), koresha agakoresho gapima gahuye na ko. No.: Beijing Pharmacopoeia (yukuri) 2013 No. 2400147).
Pima garama 0.05 z'icyitegererezo cya Panax notoginseng hanyuma wongeremo reagent ya aside sulfuriki ku mpande z'umuyoboro. Kangura umuyoboro mu gihe cy'amasegonda 2-3 kugira ngo uvange neza amazi. Shyira umuyoboro ku gitereko cy'umuyoboro kugira ngo ubone ibara mu gihe cy'iminota 15. Ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa yagenwe na ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku bunini bwa 620 nm.
Pima garama 0.5 z'icyitegererezo gishya cya Panax notoginseng, ugisya mu gikoresho gihuye n'amazi ya ml 5, hanyuma ugishyire kuri centrifuge kuri garama 10.000 mu gihe cy'iminota 10. Supernatant yakuwemo amazi kugeza ku gipimo gihamye. Hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Ingano ya poroteyine ishongeshwa yapimwe hakoreshejwe ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku bunini bwa 595 nm kandi ibarwa hashingiwe ku muvuduko usanzwe wa albumin yo mu maraso y'inka.
Pima garama 0.5 z'icyitegererezo gishya, ongeramo mililitiro 5 za aside asetiki 10%, usya kugeza ku gipimo kimwe, uyungurure hanyuma uvange kugeza ku gipimo gihoraho. Uburyo bwo guteza imbere ibara bwakoreshejwe hamwe n'umuti wa ninhydrine. Ingano ya aside amine y'ubuntu yagenwe hakoreshejwe spectrophotometry ya UV-visible (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) kuri 570 nm kandi ibarwa hashingiwe ku muvuduko usanzwe wa leucine28.
Pima garama 0.5 z'icyitegererezo gishya, ongeramo mililitiro 5 z'umuti wa 3% wa aside sulfosalicylic, ushyushye mu mazi hanyuma uzunguze iminota 10. Nyuma yo gukonjesha, umuti wayunguruwe maze ugera ku rugero ruhoraho. Uburyo bwa colorimetric hamwe na aside ninhydrine bwakoreshejwe. Ingano ya proline yagenwe hakoreshejwe ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku bunini bwa 520 nm kandi ubarwa hashingiwe ku muvuduko usanzwe wa proline29.
Ingano ya Saponin yagenwe hakoreshejwe chromatography y'amazi ifite imikorere myiza cyane hashingiwe kuri Pharmacopoeia ya Repubulika y'Abaturage b'Ubushinwa (igitabo cya 2015). Ihame ry'ibanze rya chromatography y'amazi ifite imikorere myiza ni ugukoresha amazi afite umuvuduko mwinshi nk'igice cyo kugenda no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gutandukanya uduce duto cyane twa chromatography y'inkingi ifite imikorere myiza cyane ku gice cyo guhagarara. Uburyo bwo gukora ni ubu bukurikira:
Imiterere ya HPLC n'ikizamini cyo gukoresha neza sisitemu (Imbonerahamwe ya 1): Koresha gel silica ibohewe na octadecylsilane nk'umunyururu, acetonitrile nk'igice cya A cyo mu bwoko bwa mobile na amazi nk'igice cya B cyo mu bwoko bwa mobile. Kora gradient elution nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe iri hepfo. Uburebure bw'uburebure bwo gutahura ni 203 nm. Dukurikije uburebure bwa R1 bw'amasaponi yose ya Panax notoginseng, umubare w'amasafuriya y'inyabutabire ugomba kuba nibura 4000.
Gutegura umuti usanzwe: Pima neza ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 na notoginsenoside R1 hanyuma wongeremo methanol kugira ngo utegure uruvange rurimo 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 na 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 kuri ml 1 y'umuti.
Gutegura umuti w'igerageza: Pima garama 0.6 z'ifu ya Panax ginseng hanyuma wongeremo mililitiro 50 za methanol. Umuti uvanze wapimwe (W1) hanyuma urekeraho ijoro ryose. Umuti uvanze watetse buhoro buhoro mu mazi kuri dogere selisiyusi 80 mu gihe cy'amasaha 2. Nyuma yo gukonjesha, pima umuti uvanze hanyuma wongeremo methanol yateguwe ku gipimo cya mbere cya W1. Hanyuma uzunguze neza hanyuma uyungurure. Umuti usigaye kugira ngo usesengurwe.
Gukusanya neza 10 μL y'umuti usanzwe na 10 μL y'umusemburo hanyuma ubishyire mu gikoresho cy'amazi gifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.) kugira ngo umenye ingano ya saponin 24.
Umuyoboro usanzwe: gupima igisubizo gisanzwe cya Rg1, Rb1 na R1. Imiterere ya chromatography ni imwe n'iyavuzwe haruguru. Gerageza kubara umuyoboro usanzwe ushushanya agace k'umusozo kapimwe ku murongo wa y n'ingano ya saponin mu gisubizo gisanzwe ku murongo wa x. Igipimo cya saponin gishobora kubarwa ukoresheje agace k'umusozo kapimwe k'icyitegererezo mu murongo usanzwe.
Pima garama 0.1 z'icyitegererezo cya P. notogensings hanyuma wongeremo mililitiro 50 z'umuti wa 70% CH3OH. Gukuramo icyuma gikozwe muri ultrasound byakozwe mu gihe cy'amasaha 2, hagakurikiraho centrifugation kuri 4000 rpm mu minota 10. Fata mililitiro 1 ya supernatant hanyuma uyivange inshuro 12. Ingano ya flavonoid yapimwe hakoreshejwe ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku bunini bwa 249 nm. Quercetin ni kimwe mu bintu bisanzwe8.
Amakuru yateguwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya Excel 2010. Porogaramu ya SPSS 20 y'ibarurishamibare yakoreshejwe mu gusesengura itandukaniro ry'amakuru. Amashusho yafashwe hakoreshejwe Origin Pro 9.1. Ingano z'ibarurishamibare zabazwe zirimo impuzandengo ± SD. Ibimenyetso by'akamaro k'ibarurishamibare bishingiye kuri P < 0.05.
Ku rugero rumwe rwa aside oxalic yasutswe ku mababi, ingano ya Ca mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng yiyongereye cyane uko ingano ya lime yakoreshejwe yiyongera (Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Ugereranyije no kutagira lime, ingano ya Ca yiyongereyeho 212% iyo hongewemo 3750 kg/h/m2 ya lime nta kuyitera aside oxalic. Ku rugero rumwe rwa lime yasutswe, ingano ya Ca yiyongereyeho gato uko ingano ya aside oxalic yasutswe yiyongera.
Igipimo cya Cd mu mizi kiri hagati ya 0.22 na 0.70 mg kg-1. Ku gipimo kimwe cya aside oxalic, uko ingano y’indimu yongewemo yiyongera, igipimo cya Cd cya 2250 kg / h kigabanuka cyane. Ugereranyije n’uburyo bwo kugenzura, igipimo cya Cd mu mizi cyagabanutseho 68.57% nyuma yo gutera 2250 kg hm-2 lime na 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Iyo hakoreshwaga lime idafite lime na 750 kg / h bya lime, igipimo cya Cd mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng cyaragabanutse cyane bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’igipimo cya aside oxalic acid. Iyo hakoreshwaga lime ya 2250 kg / m2 na lime ya 3750 kg / m2, igipimo cya Cd mu mizi cyabanje kugabanuka hanyuma kikiyongera bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’igipimo cya aside oxalic acid. Byongeye kandi, isesengura rya bivariate ryagaragaje ko lime yagize ingaruka zikomeye ku gipimo cya Ca mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng (F = 82.84**), lime yagize ingaruka zikomeye ku gipimo cya Cd mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng (F = 74.99**), na aside oxalic. aside (F = 7.72*).
Uko ingano y'indimu yongewemo n'ubwinshi bwa aside oxalic yasutsweho byiyongeraga, ingano ya MDA yagabanutse cyane. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya MDA mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng hatabayeho kongeramo indimu no kongeramo 3750 kg/m2 ya ndimu. Ku gipimo cyo gukoresha 750 kg/h/m2 na 2250 kg/h/m2, ingano y'indimu ya 0.2 mol/l yo gusukura aside oxalic yagabanutseho 58.38% na 40.21%, ugereranije n'uko nta gusukura aside oxalic yasutsweho. Ingano nto ya MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) yagaragaye ubwo yasukuraga 750 kg hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Ishusho ya 1).
Ingaruka zo gutera aside oxalic ku biti bya malondialdehyde mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng munsi y’umuvuduko wa cadmium. Icyitonderwa: Inkuru iri ku ishusho igaragaza ubwinshi bwa aside oxalic ku gipimo cya spray (mol L-1), inyuguti nto zitandukanye zigaragaza itandukaniro rinini hagati y’uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe indimu imwe. Umubare (P < 0.05). Kimwe hano hepfo.
Uretse gukoresha lime ya 3750 kg/h, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu mikorere ya SOD mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng. Mu kongeramo 0, 750 na 2250 kg/h/m2 y'indimu, imikorere ya SOD iyo yavuwe hakoreshejwe aside oxalic ku gipimo cya 0.2 mol/l yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije no gukoresha aside oxalic, yiyongeraho 177.89%, 61.62% na 45.08% uko bikurikirana. Imikorere ya SOD mu mizi (598.18 U g-1) yari yo hejuru cyane iyo hatabayeho gukoresha lime kandi iyo yavuwe hakoreshejwe aside oxalic ku gipimo cya 0.2 mol/l. Iyo aside oxalic yavuwe ku gipimo kimwe cyangwa 0.1 mol L-1, imikorere ya SOD yariyongereye hamwe n'ingano y'indimu yiyongera. Nyuma yo gutera aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/L, imikorere ya SOD yagabanutse cyane (Ishusho ya 2).
Ingaruka zo gutera aside oxalic ku mababi ku mikorere ya superoxide dismutase, peroxidase na catalase mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng munsi y’umuvuduko wa cadmium.
Kimwe n’imikorere ya SOD mu mizi, imikorere ya POD mu mizi yavuwe nta ndimu kandi igaterwa aside oxalic ya L-1 ya 0.2 mol ni yo yari hejuru cyane (63.33 µmol g-1), ikaba iri hejuru ya 148.35% kurusha iyagenzuwe (25.50 µmol g-1). Uko igipimo cyo gutera aside oxalic cyakwiyongera no gutera indimu ya 3750 kg/m2, imikorere ya POD yabanje kwiyongera hanyuma ikagabanuka. Ugereranyije n’uburyo bwo gutera aside oxalic ya L-1 ya 0.1 mol, imikorere ya POD iyo yavuwe aside oxalic ya L-1 ya 0.2 mol yagabanutseho 36.31% (Ishusho ya 2).
Uretse gutera aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/l no kongeramo 2250 kg/h/m2 cyangwa 3750 kg/h/m2 lime, ibikorwa bya CAT byari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’ibyari bigenzurwa. Mu gutera aside oxalic ya 0.1 mol/l no kongeramo 0.2250 kg/m2 cyangwa 3750 kg/h/m2 lime, ibikorwa bya CAT byiyongereyeho 276.08%, 276.69% na 33.05%, ugereranije no gutera umuti udatera aside oxalic. Ibikorwa bya CAT mu mizi byari hejuru cyane (803.52 μmol/g) mu gutera umuti nta lime no mu gutera umuti wa aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/L. Ibikorwa bya CAT byari hasi cyane (172.88 μmol/g) mu gutera umuti wa 3750 kg/h/m2 na aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/L (Ishusho ya 2).
Isesengura rya Bivariate ryagaragaje ko ibikorwa bya CAT n'imikorere ya MDA by'imizi ya Panax notoginseng byafitanye isano rikomeye n'ingano ya aside oxalic cyangwa lime yatewe hamwe n'uburyo bubiri bwo kuvura (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Ibikorwa bya SOD mu mizi byari bifitanye isano rikomeye no kuvura aside oxalic na lime cyangwa ubwinshi bw'aside oxalic. Ibikorwa bya POD mu mizi byaterwaga cyane n'ingano ya lime yakoreshejwe cyangwa kuvura aside oxalic na lime.
Ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa mu mizi yaragabanutse uko ingano y'isukari yakoreshejwe yagabanutse ndetse n'ubwinshi bw'isukari ya oxalic acid yakoreshejwe. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano y'isukari ishongeshwa mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng hatakoreshejwe isukari kandi ubwo hashyirwagaho 750 kg/h/m2 ya lime. Ubwo hashyirwagaho 2250 kg/m2 ya lime, ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa iyo yavuwe na aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/L yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'iyo yavuwe idasutsweho aside oxalic, yiyongeraho 22.81%. Ubwo hashyirwagaho 3750 kg h/m2 ya lime, ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa yagabanutse cyane uko ingano y'isukari yasutswe yagendaga yiyongera. Ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa iyo yavuwe na aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol L-1 yagabanutseho 38.77% ugereranije n'iyo hatakoreshejwe isukari ya oxalic. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo gusukura aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol·L-1 bwari bufite isukari nkeya cyane, ikaba yari 205.80 mg·g-1 (Ishusho ya 3).
Ingaruka zo gutera aside oxalic ku bimera by'isukari yose ishongesha hamwe na poroteyine ishongesha mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng ifite ikibazo cya cadmium.
Ubunini bwa poroteyine zishonga mu mizi bwaragabanutse bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’isukari n’uburyo bwo gutera umuti wa aside oxalic. Hatabayeho kongeramo indimu, ingano ya poroteyine zishonga iyo zivuwe na aside oxalic ku gipimo cya 0.2 mol L-1 yagabanutseho cyane ho 16.20% ugereranije n’uburyo bwo kugenzura. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya poroteyine zishonga mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng ubwo hashyirwagaho 750 kg/h bya lime. Mu gihe hakoreshwaga 2250 kg/h/m ya lime, ingano ya poroteyine zishonga ya 0.2 mol/L ya oxalic acid yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’iyakoreshejwe mu gutera umuti wa aside oxalic itari oxalic (35.11%). Ubwo hakoreshwaga 3750 kg·h/m2 ya lime, ingano ya poroteyine zishonga yaragabanutse cyane uko ingano ya oxalic acid yagendaga yiyongera, aho ingano ya poroteyine zishonga nkeya (269.84 μg·g-1) ubwo umuti wa aside oxalic wari 0.2 mol·L-1. kuvura (Ishusho ya 3).
Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya aside amine zifunguye mu muzi wa Panax notoginseng mu gihe hatabayeho gukoresha ishwagara. Uko igipimo cya aside oxalic cyazamutse no kongeramo 750 kg/h/m2 y'indimu, igipimo cya aside amine zifunguye cyabanje kugabanuka hanyuma kikiyongera. Ugereranyije n'uburyo bwo kuvura hatabayeho gutera ishwagara, igipimo cya aside amine zifunguye cyariyongereyeho 33.58% ubwo haterwaga 2250 kg hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Igipimo cya aside amine zifunguye cyaragabanutse cyane bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'igipimo cya aside oxalic ndetse no kongeramo 3750 kg/m2 y'indimu. Igipimo cya aside amine zifunguye cya 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray treatment cyagabanutseho 49.76% ugereranije n'uburyo bwo gutera ishwagara butari oxalic acid spray. Igipimo cya aside amine zifunguye cyari kinini cyane hatabayeho gutera ishwagara kandi cyari 2.09 mg g-1. Uburyo bwo kuvura aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/L bwari bufite aside amine ntoya nke cyane (1.05 mg/g) (Ishusho ya 4).
Ingaruka zo gutera aside oxalic ku mababi ku bikubiye muri aside amine na proline mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cya cadmium.
Ingano ya proline mu mizi yagabanutse bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ingano ya lime yakoreshejwe n’ingano ya aside oxalic. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya proline mu muzi wa Panax ginseng igihe lime idakoreshejwe. Uko ingano ya aside oxalic yakoreshejwe yiyongeraga kandi ikoreshwa rya 750 cyangwa 2250 kg/m2 ya lime ryiyongeraga, ingano ya proline yabanje kugabanuka hanyuma ikongera kwiyongera. Ingano ya proline ya 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’iya 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray, yiyongeraho 19.52% na 44.33%, uko bikurikirana. Ubwo hongerwagaho 3750 kg/m2 ya lime, ingano ya proline yagabanutse cyane uko ingano ya aside oxalic yakoreshejwe yiyongeraga. Nyuma yo gutera aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol L-1, ingano ya proline yagabanutseho 54.68% ugereranije n’iyo hatakoreshejwe aside oxalic. Ingano nto ya proline ni iyo yavuwe na aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/l kandi yari 11.37 μg/g (Ishusho ya 4).
Igiteranyo cya saponin muri Panax notoginseng ni Rg1>Rb1>R1. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu giteranyo cya saponin eshatu ryagaragaye hamwe n’ubwinshi bw’isukari ya aside oxalic n’ubwinshi bwayo nta ndimu ikoreshejwe (Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Igipimo cya R1 nyuma yo gutera aside L-1 oxalic ya 0.2 mol cyagabanutseho cyane ugereranije no gutera aside oxalic ya 750 cyangwa 3750 kg/m2. Ku gipimo cya aside oxalic ya 0 cyangwa 0.1 mol/L cyagabanutseho, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu gipimo cya R1 hamwe n’ingano y’indimu yiyongera. Ku gipimo cya aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/L cyagabanutseho, igipimo cya R1 mu 3750 kg/h/m2 cya ndimu cyari hasi cyane ugereranyije na 43.84% hatabayeho kongeramo indimu (Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Uko igipimo cya aside oxalic cyashyirwagaho umwuka cyiyongeraga kandi hongewemo 750 kg/m2 ya lime, igipimo cya Rg1 cyabanje kwiyongera hanyuma kikagabanuka. Ku gipimo cyo gukoresha lime cya 2250 na 3750 kg/h, igipimo cya Rg1 cyagabanutse uko igipimo cya aside oxalic cyashyirwagaho umwuka cyiyongera. Ku gipimo kimwe cya aside oxalic yakoreshejwe, uko ingano ya lime yiyongera, igipimo cya Rg1 cyabanje kwiyongera hanyuma kikagabanuka. Ugereranyije n'igenzura, uretse igipimo cya Rg1 mu bipimo bitatu bya aside oxalic na 750 kg/m2 ya lime, byari hejuru y'igenzura, igipimo cya Rg1 mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng mu yindi miti cyari hasi y'igenzura. Igipimo ntarengwa cya Rg1 cyari igihe cyo gutera 750 kg/h/m2 ya lime na 0.1 mol/l ya aside oxalic, cyari hejuru ya 11.54% ugereranyije n'igenzura (Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Uko igipimo cya aside oxalic n'ingano ya lime byakoreshejwe byiyongeraga ku gipimo cy'amazi ya 2250 kg / isaha, igipimo cya Rb1 cyabanje kwiyongera hanyuma kikagabanuka. Nyuma yo gutera aside oxalic ya 0.1 mol L-1, igipimo cya Rb1 cyageze ku gipimo ntarengwa cya 3.46%, cyari hejuru ya 74.75% ugereranyije no kudatera aside oxalic. Ku bundi buryo bwo kuvura indimu, nta tandukaniro rinini ryagaragaye hagati y'igipimo gitandukanye cya aside oxalic. Nyuma yo gutera aside oxalic ya 0.1 na 0.2 mol L-1, uko ingano ya lime yiyongeraga, igipimo cya Rb1 cyabanje kugabanuka hanyuma kikagabanuka (Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Ku gipimo kimwe cyo gusukura hamwe na aside oxalic, uko ingano y’indimu yongewemo yiyongeraga, ingano ya flavonoids yabanje kwiyongera hanyuma ikagabanuka. Nta tandukaniro rinini mu gipimo cya flavonoids ryagaragaye ubwo haterwaga ibipimo bitandukanye bya aside oxalic idafite indimu na 3750 kg/m2 ya lime. Ubwo hongerwagaho 750 na 2250 kg/m2 ya lime, uko igipimo cya aside oxalic yasutswemo cyariyongeraga, ingano ya flavonoids yabanje kwiyongera hanyuma ikagabanuka. Ubwo hashyirwagaho 750 kg/m2 hanyuma hagaterwa aside oxalic ku gipimo cya 0.1 mol/l, ingano ya flavonoids yari ntarengwa - 4.38 mg/g, ari 18.38% hejuru y’iyo hongerwagaho ingano imwe ya lime, kandi nta mpamvu yo gusukura aside oxalic. Ingano ya flavonoids iyo yavuwe na 0.1 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray yiyongereyeho 21.74% ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kuvura hatabayeho aside oxalic ndetse n'uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe lime ku gipimo cya 2250 kg/m2 (Ishusho ya 5).
Ingaruka zo gutera amababi oxalate ku bikubiye muri flavonoids mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng bitewe n'umuvuduko wa cadmium
Isesengura rya Bivariate ryagaragaje ko isukari ishongesha mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng yaterwaga cyane n’ingano y’indimu ikoreshwa n’ubwinshi bw’aside oxalic yatewe. Ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha mu mizi yaterwaga isano rikomeye n’ingano y’indimu na aside oxalic. Ingano ya aside amine na proline mu mizi yaterwaga isano rikomeye n’ingano y’indimu ikoreshwa, ubwinshi bw’aside oxalic, indimu na aside oxalic (Imbonerahamwe ya 5).
Ingano ya R1 mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng yaterwaga cyane n’ubwinshi bwa aside oxalic yatewe, ingano ya lime, lime na aside oxalic yakoreshejwe. Ingano ya flavonoids yaterwaga cyane n’ubwinshi bwa aside oxalic yakoreshejwe ndetse n’ingano y’indimu yongewemo.
Hari impinduka nyinshi zakoreshejwe mu kugabanya urugero rwa cadmium mu bimera binyuze mu gushyiraho cadmium mu butaka, nka lime na aside oxalic30. Lime ikoreshwa cyane nk'ivugurura ry'ubutaka kugira ngo igabanye urugero rwa cadmium mu bihingwa31. Liang n'abandi 32 bavuze ko aside oxalic ishobora no gukoreshwa mu kuvura ubutaka bwandujwe n'ibyuma bikomeye. Nyuma y'uko ibipimo bitandukanye bya aside oxalic byongewe mu butaka bwanduye, ingano y'ibinyabuzima mu butaka yariyongereye, ubushobozi bwo guhinduranya cation buragabanuka, na pH irazamuka33. Aside oxalic ishobora kandi gukorana na iyoni z'ibyuma mu butaka. Mu gihe cy'ihungabana rya Cd, ingano ya Cd muri Panax notoginseng yiyongereye cyane ugereranije n'igenzura. Ariko, iyo lime ikoreshejwe, iragabanuka cyane. Iyo 750 kg/h/m ya lime yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, ingano ya Cd mu mizi yageze ku gipimo cy'igihugu (Cd ntarengwa ni Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), kandi ingaruka zari nziza. Ingaruka nziza iboneka iyo wongeyeho 2250 kg/m2 y'indimu. Kongeramo indimu bitanga ahantu henshi ho guhangana na Ca2+ na Cd2+ mu butaka, kandi kongeramo aside oxalic bigabanya ingano ya Cd mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng. Nyuma yo kuvanga indimu na aside oxalic, ingano ya Cd mu muzi wa Panax ginseng yagabanutse cyane kandi igera ku rwego rw'igihugu. Ca2+ mu butaka inyuzwa ku buso bw'imizi binyuze mu nzira y'amazi menshi kandi ishobora kwinjira mu turemangingo tw'imizi binyuze mu miyoboro ya kalisiyumu (imiyoboro ya Ca2+), ipompo za kalisiyumu (Ca2+-AT-Pase) na Ca2+/H+ antiporters, hanyuma ikajyanwa mu mizi mu buryo butambitse. Xylem23. Hari isano ikomeye hagati y'ingano ya Ca na Cd mu mizi (P < 0.05). Ingano ya Cd yagabanutse uko Ca2+ yiyongera, ibi bikaba bihuye n'igitekerezo cy'ubushyamirane hagati ya Ca na Cd. ANOVA yagaragaje ko ingano ya lime yagize ingaruka zikomeye ku ngano ya Ca mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng. Pongrack n'abandi 35 bavuze ko Cd ifatana na oxalate muri kristu za oxalate za kalisiyumu kandi igahangana na Ca. Ariko, ingaruka zo kugenzura za aside oxalic kuri Ca nta gaciro zari zifite. Ibi bigaragaza ko imvura ya oxalate ya kalisiyumu iva muri aside oxalic na Ca2+ atari imvura yoroshye, kandi inzira yo kuyikoresha ishobora kugenzurwa n'inzira nyinshi za metabolisme.
Mu gihe habayeho stress ya cadmium, ingano nini y’ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS) ibaho mu bimera, ikangiza imiterere y’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo36. Ingano ya Malondialdehyde (MDA) ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ikimenyetso cyo gupima urwego rwa ROS n’urwego rw’ibyangiritse ku ruhu rw’ibimera37. Sisitemu ya antioxidant ni uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kurinda ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora38. Ibikorwa bya enzymes za antioxidant (harimo POD, SOD, na CAT) bikunze guhinduka bitewe n’stress ya cadmium. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko ingano ya MDA yari ifitanye isano ryiza n’ingano ya Cd, bigaragaza ko ingano ya peroxidation y’ibimera mu ruhu irushaho kwiyongera hamwe n’ubwiyongere bwa Cd37. Ibi bihuye n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Ouyang et al.39. Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko ingano ya MDA igizweho ingaruka cyane n’indimu, aside oxalic, indimu na aside oxalic. Nyuma yo gushyiramo aside oxalic L-1 0.1 mol, ingano ya MDA muri Panax notoginseng yaragabanutse, bigaragaza ko aside oxalic ishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo kuboneka kwa Cd na ROS muri Panax notoginseng. Sisitemu ya antioxidant niho imikorere y'ibimera ibera. SOD ikuraho O2- iri mu turemangingo tw'ibimera igakora O2 itari uburozi na H2O2 nkeya. POD na CAT bikura H2O2 mu turemangingo tw'ibimera bikanahindura uburyo H2O2 ibora muri H2O. Hashingiwe ku isesengura rya proteome ya iTRAQ, byagaragaye ko urugero rwa poroteyine ya SOD na PAL rwagabanutse kandi urugero rwa POD rwongerewe nyuma yo gukoresha lime munsi y'umuvuduko wa Cd40. Ibikorwa bya CAT, SOD na POD mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng byagizweho ingaruka cyane n'ingano ya aside oxalic na lime. Gutera umuti ukoresheje aside oxalic ya L-1 ya 0.1 mol byazamuye cyane imikorere ya SOD na CAT, ariko ingaruka zo kugenzura imikorere ya POD ntizagaragaraga. Ibi bigaragaza ko aside oxalic yihutisha kubora kwa ROS munsi ya stress ya Cd kandi ahanini bigasoza gukuraho H2O2 binyuze mu kugenzura imikorere ya CAT, ibi bikaba bisa n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa Guo et al.41 ku misemburo irwanya antioxidant ya Pseudospermum sibiricum. Kos. ). Ingaruka zo kongeramo 750 kg/h/m2 ya lime ku mikorere ya enzymes zo mu bwoko bwa antioxidant n'ingano ya malondialdehyde bisa n'ingaruka zo gutera umuti ukoresha aside oxalic. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko gutera umuti ukoresha aside oxalic bishobora kongera neza imikorere ya SOD na CAT muri Panax notoginseng no kongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya stress bwa Panax notoginseng. Ibikorwa bya SOD na POD byagabanutse bitewe no kuvura aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol L-1 na lime ya 3750 kg hm-2, bigaragaza ko gutera cyane aside oxalic na Ca2+ bishobora gutera stress ku bimera, ibi bikaba bihuye n’inyigo ya Luo n’ibindi. Wait 42.