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Umwanda wa Cadmium (Cd) uteje akaga ku buhinzi bw'ikimera cy'imiti Panax notoginseng mu Ntara ya Yunnan. Mu gihe cy'ihungabana rya Cd riturutse hanze, hakozwe igerageza ryo mu murima kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka zo gukoresha ishwagara (0.750, 2250 na 3750 kg bm-2) hamwe na spray ya aside oxalic (0, 0.1 na 0.2 mol l-1) ku kwibumbira kwa Cd. n'imikorere ya antioxidant Ibice bigize umubiri n'imiti bigira ingaruka kuri Panax notoginseng. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko gutera aside oxalic vuba na vuba bishobora kongera urugero rwa Ca2+ muri Panax notoginseng munsi ya Cd no kugabanya uburozi bwa Cd2+. Kongeramo ishwagara na aside oxalic byongereye imikorere ya enzymes za antioxidant kandi bihindura imikorere ya osmoregulators. Ibikorwa bya CAT byiyongereye cyane, byiyongera inshuro 2.77. Igikorwa kinini cya SOD cyiyongereyeho inshuro 1.78 iyo cyavuwe na aside oxalic. Ingano ya MDA yagabanutseho 58.38%. Hari isano ikomeye cyane n'isukari ishongesha, aside amine yigenga, proline, na poroteyine ishongesha. Lime na aside oxalic bishobora kongera iyoni za kalisiyumu (Ca2+), kugabanya Cd, kongera ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira stress muri Panax notoginseng, no kongera umusaruro wa saponins na flavonoid. Ingano ya Cd yari hasi cyane, 68.57% munsi y'iyari igenzuwe, ihuye n'agaciro gasanzwe (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Igipimo cya SPN cyari 7.73%, cyageze ku rwego rwo hejuru rwa buri muti, kandi ingano ya flavonoids yiyongereye cyane ku kigero cya 21.74%, igera ku gaciro gasanzwe k'umuti n'umusaruro mwiza.
Kadiyumu (Cd), nk'ikintu gisanzwe mu butaka buhingwa, yimuka vuba kandi ifite uburozi bukomeye bwa binyabuzima1. El Shafei n'abandi 2 bavuze ko uburozi bwa Cd bugira ingaruka ku bwiza n'umusaruro w'ibimera bikoreshwa. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ikibazo cy'ubucukuzi bwa cadmium bwinshi mu butaka buhingwa mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubushinwa cyabaye kibi cyane. Intara ya Yunnan ni yo gihugu cy'Ubushinwa gifite ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, muri byo amoko y'ibimera bivura aza ku mwanya wa mbere mu gihugu. Ariko, amabuye y'agaciro akungahaye mu Ntara ya Yunnan nta gushidikanya ko atuma ubutaka buhumana cyane mu gihe cyo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'ibimera bivura byo mu gace.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3 ni ikimera cy’agaciro gakomeye cy’ibimera biva mu bwoko bwa Araliaceae Panax ginseng. Umuzi wa Panax notoginseng utera imbere gutembera kw’amaraso, ukuraho imitsi y’amaraso kandi ugatuma ububabare bugabanuka. Aho bikorerwa ni Wenshan Prefecture, Intara ya Yunnan 5. Umwanda wa Cd wagaragaye ku butaka burenga 75% mu gace gahingwamo Panax notoginseng kandi warenze 81-100% ahantu hatandukanye6. Ingaruka z’uburozi bwa Cd zigabanya cyane ikorwa ry’ibice bigize Panax notoginseng, cyane cyane saponins na flavonoids. Saponins ni ubwoko bwa aglycones, muri zo aglycones ari triterpenoids cyangwa spirosteranes, ari na byo bintu by’ingenzi bigize imiti myinshi y’ibimera byo mu Bushinwa kandi ikubiyemo saponins. Saponins zimwe na zimwe zifite ibikorwa by’agaciro mu binyabuzima nko kurwanya bagiteri, kurwanya indwara zo mu bwonko, gutuza no kurwanya kanseri7. Flavonoids muri rusange yerekeza ku ruhererekane rw'ibintu aho impeta ebyiri za benzene zifite amatsinda ya phenolic hydroxyl zihuzwa binyuze mu atome eshatu za karuboni, kandi igice cy'ingenzi ni 2-phenylchromanone 8. Ni antioxydant ikomeye, ishobora gukuraho neza uturemangingo tw’umwuka wa ogisijeni mu bimera, ikabuza imisemburo y’ububyimbirwe, igatuma ibikomere bikira kandi bigatanga ububabare, kandi ikagabanya urugero rwa cholesterol. Ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize Panax Ginseng. Gukemura ikibazo cy’ubwandu bw’ubutaka na cadmium mu bice bikorerwamo Panax notoginseng ni ngombwa kugira ngo hakorwe ibice byayo by’ingenzi by’imiti.
Tungurusumu ni kimwe mu bintu bikunze gukoreshwa mu gukosora umwanda wa cadmium mu butaka. Igira ingaruka ku kwinjizwa no gushyirwa kwa Cd mu butaka kandi ikagabanya imikorere ya Cd mu butaka binyuze mu kongera pH no guhindura ubushobozi bwo guhinduranya ubutaka (CEC), kuzura umunyu mu butaka (BS), ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubuziranenge bw'ubutaka (Eh) 3,11. Byongeye kandi, tungurusumu itanga Ca2+ nyinshi, ikora amakimbirane ya Cd2+, ihangana n'aho imizi ijya, ikabuza Cd kwinjizwa mu mishibu, kandi ifite uburozi buke mu binyabuzima. Hamwe no kongeramo 50 mmol l-1 Ca mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwa Cd, gutwara Cd mu mababi ya sesame byarahagaritswe kandi kwinjizwa kwa Cd byaragabanutseho 80%. Inyigo nyinshi zijyanye nayo zagaragajwe ku muceri (Oryza sativa L.) n'ibindi bihingwa12,13.
Gutera amababi y'ibihingwa kugira ngo hagenzurwe ubwiyongere bw'ibyuma biremereye ni uburyo bushya bwo guhangana n'ibyuma biremereye mu myaka ya vuba aha. Iri hame rifitanye isano ahanini n'uburyo bwo gutera ubwiyongere bw'ibimera, butuma ibyuma biremereye bishyirwa ku rukuta rw'uturemangingo kandi bikabuza ibimera kwinjira mu byuma biremereye14,15. Nk'ikintu gikomeza gutera ubwiyongere bw'ibimera biremereye, aside oxalic ishobora gutera ubwiyongere bw'ibimera biremereye mu bimera, bityo ikagabanya uburozi. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko aside oxalic mu bimera bya soya ishobora gutera ubwiyongere bw'ibimera Cd2+ no kurekura kristu zirimo Cd binyuze mu turemangingo twa trichome apical, ikagabanya urugero rwa Cd2+ mu mubiri16. Aside oxalic ishobora kugenzura pH y'ubutaka, yongera superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), na catalase (CAT), kandi ikagenzura ukwinjira kw'isukari ishongesha, poroteyine ishongesha, aside amine yigenga, na proline. Ibikoresho bya metabolike 17,18. Ibintu biremereye na Ca2+ irenze urugero mu bimera bya oxalate bikora calcium oxalate itera bitewe n'ibikorwa bya poroteyine z'udukoko. Kugenzura ingano ya Ca2+ mu bimera bishobora kugenga neza aside oxalic na Ca2+ yashongeshejwe mu bimera no kwirinda ubwiyongere bukabije bwa aside oxalic na Ca2+19,20.
Ingano y'ishwagara ikoreshwa ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo kuvugurura. Byagaragaye ko ishwagara ikoreshwa hagati ya 750 na 6000 kg·h·m−2. Ku butaka bufite aside ifite pH 5.0-5.5, ingaruka zo gukoresha ishwagara ku gipimo cya 3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 zari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'igipimo cya 750 kg·h·m-221. Ariko, gukoresha ishwagara cyane bizatera ingaruka mbi ku butaka, nko guhinduka gukomeye mu butaka no gukubana k'ubutaka22. Kubwibyo, twashyizeho urugero rwa CaO nka 0, 750, 2250 na 3750 kg·h·m−2. Ubwo aside oxalic yashyirwaga kuri Arabidopsis, Ca2+ byagaragaye ko yagabanutse cyane kuri 10 mM L-1, kandi umuryango wa CRT ugira ingaruka ku bimenyetso bya Ca2+ wari witabiriye cyane20. Gukusanya bimwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere byatumye tumenya ingano y'ubu bushakashatsi no gukomeza kwiga uburyo inyongeramusaruro zikomoka hanze zikoreshwa kuri Ca2+ na Cd2+23,24,25 zikoreshwa. Bityo, ubu bushakashatsi bugamije gusuzuma uburyo bwo kugenzura ingaruka zo gukoresha ishwagara no gutera aside oxalic ku bimera bya Cd no kwihanganira stress ya Panax notoginseng mu butaka bwanduye Cd, no gukomeza gushakisha uburyo bwiza n'uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha ubuziranenge bw'imiti. Gusohoka kuri Panax notoginseng. Itanga amakuru y'ingirakamaro yo kuyobora kwaguka k'ubuhinzi bw'ibyatsi mu butaka bwandujwe na cadmium no gutanga umusaruro mwiza kandi urambye kugira ngo hahuzwe n'ibikenewe ku isoko ry'imiti.
Hakoreshejwe ubwoko bwa Wenshan notoginseng nk'ibikoresho, hakozwe igerageza mu murima i Lannizhai (24°11′N, 104°3′E, ubutumburuke bwa metero 1446), Akarere ka Qiubei, Intara ya Wenshan, Intara ya Yunnan. Ubushyuhe busanzwe bw'umwaka ni 17°C kandi imvura isanzwe y'umwaka ni 1250 mm. Ingano y'ubutaka bwakoreweho ubushakashatsi: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg -1, ifite akamaro ka P 18.55. mg kg-1, iboneka K 100.37 mg kg-1, Cd yose hamwe 0.3 mg kg-1 na pH 5.4.
Ku itariki ya 10 Ukuboza, 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) na lime (0.750, 2250 na 3750 kg h m-2) byashyizwemo kandi bivangwa n'ubutaka bwo hejuru bwa cm 0–10 muri buri gice cy'ubutaka, 2017. Buri gikorwa cyasubiwemo inshuro 3. Imirima y'igerageza yashyizwe ahantu hatandukanye, ubuso bwa buri gice bwari metero 3. Imbuto za Panax notoginseng z'umwaka umwe zatewe nyuma y'iminsi 15 zihingwa mu butaka. Mu gihe hakoreshejwe inzitiramibu, ubukana bw'ubushyuhe bwa Panax notoginseng mu gisenge cy'igicucu ni hafi 18% by'ubukana bw'urumuri rusanzwe. Gukura hakurikijwe uburyo gakondo bwo guhinga. Mu gihe Panax notoginseng imaze gukura muri 2019, aside oxalic izaterwa nka sodium oxalate. Igipimo cya aside oxalic cyari 0, 0.1 na 0.2 mol l-1, uko bikurikirana, kandi pH yahinduwe kuri 5.16 hamwe na NaOH kugira ngo yigane pH mpuzandengo y'imyanda ya filtrate. Siga hejuru no hasi ku mababi rimwe mu cyumweru saa mbiri za mu gitondo. Nyuma yo gutera inshuro 4, ibimera bya Panax notoginseng by'imyaka 3 byasaruwe ku cyumweru cya 5.
Mu Gushyingo 2019, ibimera bya Panax notoginseng by'imyaka itatu byavuwe na aside oxalic byakusanyijwe mu murima. Ingero zimwe z'ibimera bya Panax notoginseng by'imyaka 3 kugira ngo bipimwe uburyo umubiri ukoresha n'imikorere ya enzyme byashyizwe mu miyoboro ya firigo, bikonjeshwa vuba muri azote y'amazi, hanyuma byimurirwa muri firigo kuri -80°C. Igice cy'icyiciro cyo gukura kigomba kugaragazwa mu ngero z'imizi ya Cd n'ingano y'ikintu gikora. Nyuma yo kozwa n'amazi ya robine, wumishe kuri 105°C mu gihe cy'iminota 30, fata uburemere kuri 75°C hanyuma usya ingero muri morti. Bika.
Pima garama 0.2 z'ibimera byumye mu icupa rya Erlenmeyer, ongeramo mililitiro 8 za HNO3 na mililitiro 2 za HClO4 hanyuma ushyiremo agakoresho mu ijoro ryose. Umunsi ukurikiyeho, umuyoboro ufite ijosi rigoramye ushyirwa mu icupa rya mpandeshatu kugira ngo uhinduke kugeza igihe umwotsi w'umweru ugaragaye kandi umuti wo kubora ukeye. Nyuma yo gukonjesha kugeza ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, uruvange rwimurirwa mu icupa rya 10 ml. Ingano ya Cd yagenwe kuri spectrometer y'icyuma gifata atome (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Pima garama 0.2 z'ibimera byumye mu icupa rya pulasitiki rya mililitiro 50, ongeramo mililitiro 10 za mol l-1 HCL, funga hanyuma uzunguze amasaha 15 hanyuma uyungurure. Ukoresheje pipette, fata ingano ikenewe ya filtrate kugira ngo uvange neza hanyuma wongeremo umuti wa SrCl2 kugira ngo ugeze kuri garama 1 L-1. Ingano ya Ca yapimwe hakoreshejwe spectrometer ya atome absorption (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), na catalase (CAT) uburyo bwo gupima (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., inomero yo kwiyandikisha ku bicuruzwa), koresha agakoresho gapima gahuye na ko: Jingyaodianji (quasi) ijambo 2013 No. 2400147).
Pima garama 0.05 z'icyitegererezo cya Panax notoginseng hanyuma wongeremo reagent ya aside sulfuriki ya anthrone ku ruhande rw'umuyoboro. Kangura umuyoboro mu gihe cy'amasegonda 2-3 kugira ngo uvange neza amazi. Shyira umuyoboro ku gikoresho cyo gupima mu gihe cy'iminota 15. Ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa yapimwe hakoreshejwe spectrophotometry iboneka kuri UV (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku bunini bwa 620 nm.
Pima garama 0.5 z'icyitegererezo gishya cya Panax notoginseng, ugisya kugeza gihuye na ml 5 z'amazi yaciwe hanyuma ugishyire kuri centrifuge kuri garama 10.000 mu gihe cy'iminota 10. Shyira supernatant ku gipimo gihamye. Uburyo bwa Coomassie Brilliant Blue bwakoreshejwe. Ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha yagenwe hakoreshejwe spectrophotometry mu duce tw'imirasire y'urumuri n'utundi duce tugaragara (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku bunini bwa 595 nm kandi bibarwa uhereye ku murongo usanzwe wa albumin y'inka mu maraso.
Pima garama 0.5 z'icyitegererezo gishya, ongeramo mililitiro 5 za aside asetiki 10% kugira ngo usya kandi uhindure neza, uyungurure kandi uvange kugeza ku rugero ruhoraho. Uburyo bwa Chromogenic hakoreshejwe umuti wa ninhydrine. Ingano ya aside amine yigenga yagenwe hakoreshejwe spectrophotometry igaragara kuri ultraviolet (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku murambararo wa 570 nm kandi ibarwa uhereye ku murongo usanzwe wa leucine.
Pima garama 0.5 z'icyitegererezo gishya, ongeramo mililitiro 5 z'umuti wa 3% wa aside sulfosalicylic, ushyushye mu mazi hanyuma uzunguze iminota 10. Nyuma yo gukonjesha, umuti wayunguruwe hanyuma uvangwa kugeza ku rugero ruhoraho. Uburyo bwa aside ninhydrin chromogenic bwakoreshejwe. Ingano ya proline yagenwe hakoreshejwe spectrophotometry igaragara kuri UV (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku bunini bwa 520 nm kandi ibarwa uhereye ku murongo usanzwe wa proline.
Ingano ya saponins yagenwe hakoreshejwe chromatography y'amazi ifite imikorere myiza (HPLC) hakurikijwe Pharmacopoeia ya Repubulika y'Abaturage y'Ubushinwa (igitabo cya 2015). Ihame ry'ibanze rya HPLC ni ugukoresha amazi afite umuvuduko mwinshi nk'urwego rugenda no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gutandukanya ibintu ku gice cy'uruhererekane gihoraho ku bice by'uruhererekane bya ultrafine. Ubuhanga mu mikorere ni ubu bukurikira:
Imiterere ya HPLC n'ikizamini cyo gukoresha neza sisitemu (Imbonerahamwe ya 1): Gukuraho ubushyuhe bwa gradient byakozwe hakurikijwe imbonerahamwe ikurikira, hakoreshejwe gel ya silica ifatanye na octadecylsilane nk'icyuzuzo, acetonitrile nk'icyiciro cya A cyo kugenda, amazi nk'icyiciro cya B cyo kugenda, kandi uburebure bw'umurambararo bwari 203 nm. Umubare w'ibikombe bya teorike byabazwe uhereye ku ndunduro ya R1 ya Panax notoginseng saponins ugomba kuba nibura 4000.
Gutegura umuti w’icyitegererezo: Pima neza ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenosides Rb1 na notoginsenosides R1, ongeramo methanol kugira ngo ubone umuti uvanze wa 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 na 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 kuri ml.
Gutegura umuti wo gupima: Pima garama 0.6 z'ifu ya Sanxin hanyuma wongeremo mililitiro 50 za methanol. Uruvange rwapimwe (W1) hanyuma rusigara ijoro ryose. Umuti uvanze watetse gato mu mazi kuri dogere selisiyusi 80. Mu gihe cy'amasaha 2. Nyuma yo gukonjesha, pima umuti uvanze hanyuma wongeremo methanol ivuyemo ku gipimo cya mbere cya W1. Hanyuma uzunguze neza hanyuma uyungurure. Umuti wa filtrate wasigaye kugira ngo umenyekane.
Ibikubiye muri saponin byashyizwemo neza na µl 10 z'umuti usanzwe na µl 10 z'umusemburo hanyuma bishyirwa muri HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Umuyoboro usanzwe: kumenya igisubizo gisanzwe cya Rg1, Rb1, R1, imiterere ya chromatography ni kimwe n'ibyavuzwe haruguru. Gerageza kubara umuyoboro usanzwe ukoresheje agace k'umusozo kapimwe ku murongo wa y n'ingano ya saponin mu gisubizo gisanzwe ku gice cy'imbere. Shyira agace k'umusozo kapimwe k'icyitegererezo mu muyoboro usanzwe kugira ngo ubare ingano ya saponin.
Pima icyitegererezo cya 0.1 g cya P. notogensings hanyuma wongeremo 50 ml y'umuti wa 70% CH3OH. Sonicate amasaha 2, hanyuma ushyire centrifuge kuri 4000 rpm mu gihe cy'iminota 10. Fata 1 ml ya supernatant uyivange inshuro 12. Ingano ya flavonoids yagenwe na ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., mu Bushinwa) ku bunini bwa 249 nm. Quercetin ni ikintu gisanzwe gikungahaye kuri 8.
Amakuru yateguwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya Excel 2010. Isesengura ry'impinduka z'amakuru ryasuzumwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya SPSS Statistics 20. Ishusho yashushanyijwe na origin Pro 9.1. Imibare yabazwe irimo impuzandengo ± ihindagurika risanzwe. Ibimenyetso by'agaciro k'ibarurishamibare bishingiye kuri P<0.05.
Ku bijyanye no gutera imbuto ku biti bya oxalic acid, Ca mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng yiyongereye cyane uko indimu ikoreshwa (Imbonerahamwe ya 2). Ugereranyije no kudakoresha indimu, Ca yiyongereyeho 212% kuri 3750 kg ppm indimu idakoreshejwe aside oxalic acid. Ku gipimo kimwe cyo gutera indimu, calcium yiyongereyeho gato uko aside oxalic acid yakoreshejwe yiyongera.
Ingano ya Cd mu mizi yari hagati ya 0.22 na 0.70 mg/kg. Ku gipimo kimwe cya aside oxalic, ingano ya 2250 kg hm-2 Cd yagabanutse cyane bitewe n’umuvuduko wo gushyiramo indimu. Ugereranyije n’igenzura, iyo wateraga imizi 2250 kg gm-2 lime na aside oxalic 0.1 mol l-1, ingano ya Cd yagabanutseho 68.57%. Iyo ukoresheje indimu nta ndimu na 750 kg hm-2 lime, ingano ya Cd mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng yagabanutse cyane bitewe n’umuvuduko wo guteramo aside oxalic. Ubwo hatangizwaga 2250 kg ya lime gm-2 na 3750 kg ya lime gm-2, ingano ya Cd mu mizi yagabanutse mbere hanyuma ikongera bitewe n’umuvuduko wo guteramo aside oxalic. Byongeye kandi, isesengura rya 2D ryagaragaje ko ingano ya Ca mu muzi wa Panax notoginseng yagizweho ingaruka zikomeye n'indimu (F = 82.84**), ingano ya Cd mu muzi wa Panax notoginseng yagizweho ingaruka zikomeye n'indimu (F = 74.99**) na aside oxalic. (F = 74.99**). F = 7.72*).
Kubera kwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'indimu n'ubwinshi bw'aside oxalic, ingano ya MDA yagabanutse cyane. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara ryabonetse mu ngano ya MDA hagati y'imizi ya Panax notoginseng yavuwemo indimu na 3750 kg g/m2 lime. Ku gipimo cya 750 kg hm-2 na 2250 kg hm-2 lime, ingano ya MDA muri aside oxalic 0.2 mol l-1 igihe yasukwaga yari 58.38% na 40.21% munsi ugereranyije na aside oxalic idasukwaga, uko bikurikirana. Ingano ya MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) yari yo hasi cyane ubwo hongerwagaho 750 kg ya hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 ya aside oxalic (Ishusho ya 1).
Ingaruka zo gutera aside oxalic ku mababi ku gipimo cya malondialdehyde mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng munsi y’umuvuduko wa cadmium [J]. P<0.05). Kimwe n'ibi bikurikira.
Uretse gukoresha 3750 kg h m-2 y'indimu, nta tandukaniro rigaragara ryagaragaye mu mikorere ya SOD y'imizi ya Panax notoginseng. Mu gukoresha indimu 0, 750 na 2250 kg hm-2, imikorere ya SOD mu gutera aside oxalic 0.2 mol l-1 yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije no kuba nta miti ya aside oxalic yakoreshejwe, byiyongereyeho 177.89%, 61.62% na 45 .08% uko bikurikirana. Imikorere ya SOD (598.18 units g-1) mu mizi yari hejuru cyane iyo yavuwe nta ndimu kandi igaterwa aside oxalic 0.2 mol l-1. Kuri kimwe nta aside oxalic cyangwa yatewe aside oxalic 0.1 mol l-1, imikorere ya SOD yariyongereye uko indimu yakoreshejwe yiyongera. Imikorere ya SOD yagabanutse cyane nyuma yo gutera aside oxalic 0.2 mol L-1 (Ishusho ya 2).
Ingaruka zo gutera aside oxalic ku mababi ku mikorere ya superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, na catalase mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng munsi y’umuvuduko wa cadmium [J].
Kimwe n'imikorere ya SOD mu mizi, imikorere ya POD mu mizi (63.33 µmol g-1) yari myinshi cyane iyo yasutsweho umuti nta ndimu na aside oxalic ya L-1 0.2 mol, yari hejuru ya 148.35% kurusha iyagenzuwe (25.50 µmol g-1). . Umurimo wa POD wabanje kwiyongera hanyuma ukagabanuka hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'igipimo cya aside oxalic ndetse n'ubuvuzi bwa 3750 kg hm −2 lime. Ugereranije no kuvura hakoreshejwe aside oxalic ya 0.1 mol l-1, imikorere ya POD yagabanutseho 36.31% iyo yasuwe na aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 (Ishusho ya 2).
Uretse gutera aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 no gukoresha 2250 kg hm-2 cyangwa 3750 kg hm-2 lime, CAT yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’igenzura. Igikorwa cya CAT cyo kuvura aside oxalic ya 0.1 mol l-1 no kuvura aside oxalic ya 0.2250 kg h m-2 cyangwa 3750 kg h m-2 cyiyongereyeho 276.08%, 276.69% na 33 .05% ugereranije no kutagira aside oxalic. Igikorwa cya CAT cy’imizi (803.52 µmol g-1) cyavuwe na aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 cyari cyo hejuru. Igikorwa cya CAT (172.88 µmol g-1) cyari cyo hasi cyane mu kuvura 3750 kg hm-2 lime na 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic aside (Ishusho ya 2).
Isesengura rya Bivariate ryagaragaje ko ibikorwa bya Panax notoginseng CAT na MDA bifitanye isano rikomeye n'ingano ya aside oxalic cyangwa indimu iterwa hamwe n'uburyo bwo kuvura (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Ibikorwa bya SOD mu mizi byafitanye isano cyane no kuvura aside oxalic na indimu cyangwa ubwinshi bwa aside oxalic. Ibikorwa bya POD mu mizi byafitanye isano rikomeye n'ingano ya lime ikoreshwa cyangwa hamwe no gukoresha indimu na aside oxalic icyarimwe.
Ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa mu bihingwa by'imizi yagabanutse bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'igipimo cy'isukari n'ubwinshi bw'isukari ya oxalic. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano y'isukari ishongeshwa mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng hatabayeho isukari kandi hatabayeho isukari ya 750 kg·h·m−2. Mu gihe hakoreshwaga isukari ya 2250 kg hm-2, ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa iyo hakoreshejwe isukari ya 0.2 mol l-1 yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije no mu gihe hakoreshwaga isukari itari oxalic, byazamutseho 22.81%. Mu gihe hakoreshwaga isukari ya 3750 kg·h·m-2, ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa yagabanutse cyane bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'igipimo cyo gutera isukari ya oxalic. Ingano y'isukari ishongeshwa yo gutera isukari ya 0.2 mol L-1 yari munsi ya 38.77% ugereranyije n'iyo gutera isukari ya oxalic. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo gutera umuti hakoreshejwe aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 bwari bufite isukari nkeya cyane ya 205.80 mg g-1 (Ishusho ya 3).
Ingaruka zo gutera aside oxalic ku mababi ku isukari yose ishobora gushonga na poroteyine ishobora gushonga mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng munsi y’umuvuduko wa cadmium [J].
Ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha mu mizi yagabanutse bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’umuvuduko wa lime na aside oxalic. Iyo limu idafite, ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha mu gutera umuti hifashishijwe aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 yari hasi cyane ugereranije n’iyakoreshejwe mu igenzura, ku kigero cya 16.20%. Mu gutera umuti hifashishijwe kilo 750 hm-2, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya poroteyine ishongesha mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng ryagaragaye. Ku gipimo cya 2250 kg h m-2, ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha mu gutera umuti hifashishijwe aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’iyakoreshejwe mu gutera umuti hifashishijwe aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 (35.11%). Mu gutera umuti hifashishijwe kilo 3750 kg h m-2, ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha yagabanutse cyane bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’umuvuduko wa aside oxalic ya 0.2, kandi ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha (269.84 µg g-1) yari hasi cyane iyo yavuwe kuri 0.2 mol l-1. Gutera aside oxalic 1 (Ishusho ya 3).
Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya aside amine zifunguye mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng mu gihe nta ndimu yabonetse. Kubera kwiyongera k'ubwinshi bw'ibinyabutabire bya aside oxalic n'igipimo cyo gukoresha indimu cya kg 750 hm-2, ingano ya aside amine zifunguye yabanje kugabanuka hanyuma ikongera. Gukoresha imiti hakoreshejwe 2250 kg hm-2 lime na aside oxalic 0.2 mol l-1 byongereye cyane ingano ya aside amine zifunguye ku kigero cya 33.58% ugereranije no kudakoresha aside oxalic. Kubera kwiyongera k'ubwinshi bw'ibinyabutabire bya aside oxalic no gushyiramo 3750 kg·hm-2 by'indimu, ingano ya aside amine zifunguye yagabanutse cyane. Ingano ya aside amine zifunguye mu miti ya 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray yari hasi ho 49.76% ugereranyije no mu miti ya 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid spray yari hasi ho 49.76% ugereranyije no mu miti ya 0.09 mg/g. Ingano ya aside amine zifunguye (1.05 mg g-1) yari nke cyane iyo yaterwaga aside oxalic 0.2 mol l-1 (Ishusho ya 4).
Ingaruka zo gutera aside oxalic ku mababi ku bikubiye muri aside amine na proline mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cya cadmium [J].
Ingano ya proline mu mizi yagabanutse bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’igipimo cya lime na aside oxalic. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya proline ya Panax notoginseng iyo nta lime yari irimo. Ubwo ingano ya proline yaterwaga na aside oxalic na lime yazamukaga ku kigero cya 750, 2250 kg hm-2, ingano ya proline yabanje kugabanuka hanyuma ikongera kwiyongera. Ingano ya proline mu miti ya aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 yari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’ingano ya proline mu miti ya aside oxalic ya 0.1 mol l-1, yiyongereyeho 19.52% na 44.33%, uko bikurikirana. Ubwo hakoreshwaga 3750 kg·hm-2 ya lime, ingano ya proline yagabanutse cyane bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’igipimo cya aside oxalic. Ingano ya proline nyuma yo gutera aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 yari hasi ho 54.68% ugereranyije n’iyo nta aside oxalic yari irimo. Ingano ya proline yari hasi cyane kandi yageraga kuri 11.37 μg/g nyuma yo kuvurwa na aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol/l (Ishusho ya 4).
Ingano ya saponine zose muri Panax notoginseng yari Rg1>Rb1>R1. Nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya saponine eshatu hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubwinshi bwa aside oxalic spray kandi nta ndimu yari ihari (Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Ingano ya R1 mu gutera aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1 yari hasi cyane ugereranyije n’iyo hatabayeho gutera aside oxalic kandi hakoreshejwe indimu ya 750 cyangwa 3750 kg·h·m-2. Iyo habayeho gutera aside oxalic ya 0 cyangwa 0.1 mol l-1, nta tandukaniro rigaragara mu ngano ya R1 hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’igipimo cyo gutera indimu. Ku gutera aside oxalic ya 0.2 mol l-1, R1 yari ifite 3750 kg hm-2 ya ndimu yari hasi cyane ugereranyije na 43.84% nta ndimu (Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Ingano ya Rg1 yabanje kwiyongera hanyuma ikagabanuka uko igipimo cyo gutera aside oxalic cyakwiyongera n'igipimo cyo gutera indimu cya 750 kg·h·m−2. Ku gipimo cyo gutera indimu cya 2250 cyangwa 3750 kg h m-2, igipimo cya Rg1 cyaragabanutse uko igipimo cyo gutera aside oxalic cyakwiyongera. Ku gipimo kimwe cyo gutera aside oxalic, igipimo cya Rg1 cyabanje kwiyongera hanyuma kikagabanuka uko igipimo cyo gutera indimu cyakwiyongera. Ugereranyije n'igenzura, uretse ibipimo bitatu bya aside oxalic na 750 kg h m-2, igipimo cya Rg1 cyari hejuru y'igenzura, igipimo cya Rg1 mu mizi y'indi miti cyari hasi ugereranije n'igenzura. Igipimo cya Rg1 cyari hejuru cyane iyo giterwa 750 kg gm-2 lime na 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, cyari hejuru ya 11.54% ugereranyije n'igenzura (Imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Ingano ya Rb1 yabanje kwiyongera hanyuma ikagabanuka uko igipimo cyo gutera aside oxalic n'igipimo cyo gutera indimu cya 2250 kg hm-2. Nyuma yo gutera aside oxalic ya 0.1 mol l–1, igipimo cya Rb1 cyageze kuri 3.46% ntarengwa, ni ukuvuga hejuru ya 74.75% ugereranyije no kudatera aside oxalic. Mu bundi buryo bwo gutera indimu, nta tandukaniro rinini ryagaragaye hagati y’igipimo gitandukanye cya aside oxalic. Iyo yaterwaga aside oxalic ya 0.1 na 0.2 mol l-1, igipimo cya Rb1 cyaragabanutse mbere, hanyuma kikagabanuka uko igipimo cya ndimu cyongewemo cyiyongera (imbonerahamwe ya 4).
Ku rugero rumwe rwa aside oxalic yasutsweho amavuta, ingano ya flavonoids yabanje kwiyongera hanyuma ikagabanuka hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umuvuduko w’indimu. Nta ndimu cyangwa 3750 kg hm-2 lime yasutsweho aside oxalic yagiraga itandukaniro rinini mu ngano ya flavonoids. Iyo indimu yasutsweho ku gipimo cya 750 na 2250 kg h m-2, ingano ya flavonoids yabanje kwiyongera hanyuma ikagabanuka hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umuvuduko w’indimu yasutsweho aside oxalic. Iyo yasuwe ku gipimo cya 750 kg hm-2 igasukwaho aside oxalic ya 0.1 mol l-1, ingano ya flavonoids yari hejuru cyane kandi yanganaga na 4.38 mg g-1, ikaba iri hejuru ya 18.38% kurusha indimu ku gipimo kimwe cyo kuyisukwaho. idasutsweho aside oxalic. Ingano ya flavonoids mu gihe cyo gutera aside oxalic 0.1 mol l-1 yiyongereyeho 21.74% ugereranije n'uburyo bwo gutera aside oxalic na lime hakoreshejwe 2250 kg hm-2 (Ishusho ya 5).
Ingaruka zo gutera oxalate ku bimera bya flavonoid mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng munsi y’umuvuduko wa cadmium [J].
Isesengura rya Bivariate ryagaragaje ko isukari ishongesha ya Panax notoginseng ifitanye isano rikomeye n'ingano y'indimu ikoreshwa n'ubwinshi bwa aside oxalic iterwa. Ingano ya poroteyine ishongesha mu bihingwa by'imizi ifitanye isano rikomeye n'igipimo cy'ikoreshwa ry'indimu, yaba indimu na aside oxalic. Ingano ya aside amine na proline mu mizi ifitanye isano rikomeye n'igipimo cy'ikoreshwa ry'indimu, ubwinshi bw'ikoreshwa ry'indimu, indimu na aside oxalic (Imbonerahamwe ya 5).
Ingano ya R1 mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng yafitanye isano rikomeye n’ubwinshi bw’aside oxalic, ingano y’indimu ikoreshwa, indimu na aside oxalic. Ingano ya flavonoid yafitanye isano rikomeye n’ubwinshi bw’aside oxalic ikoreshwa n’ingano y’indimu ikoreshwa.
Hari byinshi byahinduwe mu kugabanya Cd y'ibimera binyuze mu guhagarika Cd mu butaka, nka lime na aside oxalic30. Lime ikoreshwa cyane nk'inyongeramusaruro mu butaka kugira ngo igabanye ingano ya cadmium mu bihingwa31. Liang n'abandi 32 bavuze ko aside oxalic ishobora no gukoreshwa mu kugarura ubutaka bwanduye n'ibyuma biremereye. Nyuma yo gukoresha ingano zitandukanye za aside oxalic mu butaka bwanduye, ibintu by'umwimerere mu butaka byariyongereye, ubushobozi bwo guhinduranya cation buragabanuka, kandi agaciro ka pH kariyongereyeho 33. Aside oxalic ishobora kandi gukorana na iyoni z'icyuma mu butaka. Mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwa Cd, ingano ya Cd muri Panax notoginseng yiyongereye cyane ugereranije n'uburyo bwo kuyigenzura. Ariko, igihe imyuka yakoreshwaga, yaragabanutse cyane. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ubwo hakoreshwaga kg 750 hm-2 lime, ingano ya Cd mu mizi yageze ku gipimo cy’igihugu (Cd ntarengwa: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), kandi ingaruka iyo hakoreshwaga kg 2250 hm−2 z’imvange zikora neza kuri lime. Gukoresha imvange byatumye habaho ahantu henshi hahurira Ca2+ na Cd2+ mu butaka, kandi kongeramo aside oxalic byashoboraga kugabanya ingano ya Cd mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng. Ariko, ingano ya Cd mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng yagabanutse cyane bitewe no guhuza imvange na aside oxalic, bigera ku gipimo cy’igihugu. Ca2+ mu butaka irahurwa ku mizi mu gihe cy'amazi menshi kandi ishobora gufatwa n'uturemangingo tw'imizi binyuze mu miyoboro ya kalisiyumu (Ca2+-channels), ipompo za kalisiyumu (Ca2+-AT-Pase) na Ca2+/H+ antiporters, hanyuma ikajyanwa mu buryo butambitse kuri xylem y'umuzi 23. Ibikubiye mu mizi Ca yari ifite isano iri hagati cyane n'ingano ya Cd (P<0.05). Ibikubiye muri Cd byagabanutse bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ibikubiye muri Ca, ibi bikaba bihuye n'igitekerezo ku makimbirane ya Ca na Cd. Isesengura ry'itandukaniro ryagaragaje ko ingano ya lime yagize ingaruka zikomeye ku bikubiye muri Ca mu mizi ya Panax notoginseng. Pongrac n'abandi 35 bavuze ko Cd ifatana na oxalate muri kristu za kalisiyumu oxalate kandi ihangana na Ca. Ariko, kugenzura Ca na oxalate ntabwo byari bifatika. Ibi byagaragaje ko imvura ya kalisiyumu oxalate ikorwa na aside oxalic na Ca2+ itari imvura yoroshye, kandi inzira yo guhuza imvura ishobora kugenzurwa n'inzira zitandukanye za metabolism.